Final Year Projects (FYPs) - Undergraduates
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repository.cuilahore.edu.pk/handle/123456789/61
This collection archives the complete set of theses produced by students of the COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus.
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Item Preparation of Composites Based on Ferrite & Biomass-derived Carbon and its Investigation for Supercapacitor Energy Storage Applications(2025) Muskan Bibi; CIIT/FA23-RPH-048/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Habib; LHR TP 10004In this research, nickel ferrite (NiFe₂O₄), aluminum-doped nickel ferrite (NiFe₁.₉Al₀.₁O₄), and a composite with Balsa wood-derived carbon were successfully synthesized using the hydrothermal method. The aim was to enhance the electrochemical performance of nickel ferrite for supercapacitor applications. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of a pure cubic spinel structure in all samples, with slight peak shifts observed in the doped and composite materials due to lattice modifications. Electrochemical characterization was carried out using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results demonstrated that Al doping improved electrical conductivity and structural stability, while the addition of biomass-derived carbon increased the surface area and reduced particle agglomeration. Among all samples, the Al–NiFe₂O₄/carbon composite exhibited the highest specific capacitance and best cyclic stability, proving it to be the most effective electrode material. This study highlights the potential of using low-cost, sustainable, and doped ferrite-carbon composites as advanced materials for energy storage in supercapacitor devices.Item Novel Ce/Co Metal Organic Frame Work Based Opto-Electrochemical dual mode Sensor for Foodborne Mycotoxin Detection(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Muhammad Mujeeb Ashraf; CIIT/FA23-RPH-027/LHR; Dr. Kashif Tufail; LHR TP 10001A novel cerium-cobalt metal-organic framework (Ce/Co-PTC-MOF) was designed and employed as a fluorescence quenching sensor for the fast and selective detection of Ochtratoxin A(OTA) in food sample based on Ce redox properties and dual oxidation state. The Ce/Co-PTC-MOF was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, zeta potential measurements, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were employed for characterization. The MOF exhibited a hierarchical microstructure with a 3D flower-like morphology composed of ultrathin, interwoven nanosheets with strong negative surface charge. The fluorescence quenching response of Ce/Co-PTC-MOF was optimized by investigating the effects of MOF concentration, sonication time, incubation time, and pH on the quenching efficiency of Rhodamine B (Rh-B). The sensing mechanism was validated through fluorescence emission spectra, demonstrating efficient quenching of Rh-B by Ce/Co- PTC-MOF and significant fluorescence recovery upon the introduction of OTA. A machine learning (ML) approach was employed to enhance the sensor’s analytical capability by modeling the non-linear relationship between fluorescence recovery and OTA concentrations. The sensor exhibited a strong linear response to OTA concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 250 ng/L, with a low limit of detection of 10 pg/ml Electrochemical mode with electroactive surface area increased by nearly twice and electron-transfer kinetics increased at a moderately higher rate as compared to unmodified GCE, Ce/Co-PTC-MOF-modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) generated electrochemical mode products. Surface blocking/passivation controlled the detection mechanism as OTA adsorption at Ce/Co site selectively reduced the difference pulse voltammetry (DPV) peak currents and augmented charge-transfer resistance (Rct) in electrochemical impedance statistica (EIS). The sensor worked on the principle of DPV with the sensitivity of 193.8 mAng-1mL +cm +2 and the detection limit was found as 0.1775 ng/mL, whereas the EIS gave a even lower result with a LOD of 0.20 ng/mL. The selectivity investigations showed the high specificity to the OTA as compared to other mycotoxins and in spiked food sample the maximum recoveries were 99.12 to 102.05 with a low relative standard deviation. According to the obtained results, the Ce/Co-PTC-MOF represents a high-potential multifunctional platform to detect OTA in food safely and without quality concerns with high sensitivity and selectivity as well as practicably, suitable in foods quality controlItem Fabrication and Characterization of Co3O4-Fe2O3-Chitosan Ternary Nanobiocomposite Electrode for Neurotransmitters Detection Applications(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2024) Talha Tariq; CIIT/FA22-RPH-008/LHR; Dr. Akbar Ali; LHR TP 9434This study focuses on the fabrication and characterization of a Co3O4-Fe2O3-Chitosan ternary nanobiocomposite electrode for detecting neurotransmitters, with a specific emphasis on Norepinephrine. The combination of these materials creates a unique electrochemical platform that offers enhanced sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of neurotransmitters, which are crucial biomarkers in diagnosing neurological diseases. The research involved synthesizing and analyzing Co3O4 nanoparticles, Co3O4-Fe2O3 (3:1) nanocomposites, Co3O4-Fe2O3-CS (3:1:2%) nanobiocomposites, and Co3O4-Fe2O3-CS (3:1:1%) nanobiocomposites. The nanobiocomposites, designed for neurotransmitter detection, specifically Norepinephrine, were thoroughly characterized and evaluated using a range of analytical techniques. These included X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman Spectroscopy, Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV). The analyses provided valuable insights into the structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties of the fabricated nanobiocomposite electrode. These findings demonstrate its potential for accurately detecting Norepinephrine in biological samples with high sensitivity and selectivity.Item The Alkali (Li, Na) Based Solid State Ion Conductors Electrolytes for Solid State Batteries(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2022) ALEEMA MASOOD; CIIT/FA20-RPH-022/LHR; Dr. Rizwan Raza; LHR TP 7983Initially, the energy storage devices based on liquid electrolytes are widely used to provide the continuous channel for energy transportation. Some drawbacks are (environmentally harmful and thermally unstable) that limits their commercial applications. While considering environmental aspects, the researchers move to find the environmental friendly, and thermally stable solid state electrolyte based energy storage devices. In this era, the solid state batteries become a center piece of research as the foremost candidate with great safety concern, high energy densities, cost effective and environmental friendly. In solid state batteries, the alkali based garnet type solid state electrolyte materials are thermally stable, eco-friendly, and have high energy density. In modern world, the consumption of lithium ion batteries surge day by day. There are limited raw resources for lithium, therefore researcher move to stir up to find alternative of lithium. Sodium can be considered as the best alternative of lithium. However, sodium is one of the most abundant element in the earth crust. In this research, alkali based garnet type solid state electrolyte as Li7La3Zr2O12 and Na2La3Zr2O12. The main objective of this work is to examine the ionic behavior, homogeneity, porosity, effect for the slid sate batteries. The x-rays diffraction is used to study the crystal structure of the material. The phase of the synthesized material is examined by high score expert. The prepared material is garnet type material with space group Fd-3m. The scanning electron microscopy is used to analyze the morphology of the synthesized electrolyte materials. The cyclic voltammetry and AC impedance spectroscopy are used to determine the charging and discharging rate, and ionic behavior of the materials. The ionic conductivity of both materials has comparable value for Li7La3Zr2O12 observed at room temperature 2.39×10 -6 Scm -1 . The optical band gap of both synthesized materials is analyzed by ultra violet visible spectroscopy. The Raman spectroscopy technique is used to determine the vibrational energy modes of both synthesized materials.Item Dosimetric Parameter’s Measurement for Different Radiation Beams to Develop a Precise Treatment Plan of Radiation Therapy(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) ARZOO ASHRAF CUI/FA21-RPH-031/LHR; CUI/FA21-RPH-031/LHR; Dr. Naima Amin; LHR TP 8595Radiation therapy is a form of high energy gamma rays which can destroy or prevent the spread of cancer. It has been long known that patients treated with ionizing radiation carry a risk of developing a second cancer in their lifetimes. Factors that contribute to the restate of cancer (or may be called second cancer) includes improved cancer survival rate by using high radiations as well as emerging treatment modalities. These modalities such as intensity-modulated radiation treatment (IMRT). They can potentially elevate secondary exposures to healthy tissues distant from the target volume. In this study, cancer is treated with high-energy radiations. To provide radiation to the organ, external beam radiotherapy is performed. The target volume has been selected is the pelvic organ. The surrounding tissues and OARs of the pelvic organs include the bladder, rectum, small bowl, and LT and RT femoral heads. As a result, the goal of this work is to evaluate and compute the impact of high energy photons on these pelvic surrounding tissues. By using radiation beams for constant half value layer (HVL) and field size we determine the PDD and observe the path of radiation. Also we have check the variation in different parameters for closed applicators and diaphragm limited. For this we calculated values for different depths and field size and observe the PDD. A high energy through linear accelerator is used to strike the target in cancer treatment. Thus Mathematical & biological model (LQM) is used as a tool to calculate the Biological Effective Dose (BED) and Biological Equivalent Dose (EQD2) with dose per fraction for different Organs at Risk (OAR’s) nearer to the pelvic. The LQ model is further examined in the context of tumor control probability (TCP) models. Then we use the Radiobiological considerations can be utilized in a variety of therapeutic settings, and all physicians should be aware of the potential advantages of incorporating a quantitative radiobiological approach into their practice. Moreover, the aim of this study is to provide an understanding of the principles and methods related to scattered doses in surrounding organs to check and optimize the dose plan in radiation therapy by summarizing a large collection of dosimetry and clinical studies.Item Utilization of Photoluminescence for the Detection of pH Change in Biological Systems.(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) NASHRAH ARSHAD; CIIT/FA21-RPH-027/LHR; LHR TP 8593; Dr. Naima AminCarbon nanodots are well known in the biomedical industry due to their unique fluorescent characteristics. The photoluminescence and fluorescence quantum yield of nitrogen-based carbon nanodots are excellent. The pH in living cells is very important as a lot of physiological systems are working in our body to keep them within a specific range. As a light change in pH can cause imbalance in cell function and growth. There are many diseases, which are associated with pH change (acidic pH) such as cancer, tuberculosis, and infections. Hence, a sensitive and selective system is needed to monitor the pH in living cells. The composition of carbon nanodots with Polyethylene glycol and showed better chemical stability, high biocompatibility, intense photoluminescence. Therefore, they can be used to evaluate pH detection in living cells. The purpose of this study is to produce nitrogen-based carbon nanodots that are susceptible to photoluminescence properties and high quantum yield. NCDs were synthesized via the Hydrothermal method which is a very facile and cost-effective technique. The synthesised carbon nanodots were evaluated employing FT-IR, UV-Vis, and Fluorescence spectroscopy. Carboxyl functional groups were found to be present on the surface of carbon nanodots, according to FT-IR spectra. Particle size results indicate that the produced carbon nanodots are spherical and have diameters in the range of 255 d.nm. All these experiments confirm that synthesized carbon nanodots possess high photoluminescence, better quantum yield hence forward they can be used for pH detection and other biomedical applicationsItem DFT Study of Graphene/MoS2 Heterostructure Doped with Lanthanides(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2022) Fakhar Abbas; CIIT/FA20-RPH-034/LHR; LHR TP 7991Nanotechnology is the term given to those areas of science and engineering where phenomena that take place at dimensions in the nanometer scale are utilized in the design, characterization, production and application of materials, structures, devices and systems. It can be defined in simple words as “any technology that can be performed on a nanoscale. The range of nano level is about 1 to 100 nanometers. A nanometer (1nm) is a billionth of a meter and it is as small as an atom. Nanotechnology goes beyond the established boundaries between the fields like chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics information technology and engineering disciplines. Nowadays nanotechnology is developing very quickly due to enormous potential to grow new nano materials [3]. The applications of nano materials are increasing day by day and that is the reasonthat we saw many devices in commercial market based on nonmaterial. Nanotechnology is playing key role in development of future electronic devices.Item To Investigate the Absorbed Dose and Consequences of Radiation Therapy in the Surrounding of Cancerous Cell by using High Energy Electron Beam(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2022) Muhammad Haroon Yaqoob; CIIT/FA20-RPH-016/LHR; Dr. Naima Amin; LHR TP 7979It has been long seen that patient given through ionizing radiation bring a chance of emerging a second cancer in their periods. Causes that contribute to the restate of cancer (or may be called second cancer) contains improved cancer being rate by using high radiations as well as developing treatment sense modality. They could enhance healthy tissues that were set aside from the goal volume for secondary experiences. In this paper, the Linear-Quadratic existence model for outside beam radiation therapy is examined through a focus on just how various radiation treatment development strategies can be impacted via various cancer repopulation kinetics. Tumor control probability (TCP) models are used to further analyze the LQ model. A high energy electron beam 6 MeV through linear accelerator is used to strike the target in cancer treatment. In general, radiotherapy has different energy of electron used for cancer treatment which depends on the various factors such as general patient health and history and the stage of the cancer. The major difficulty in the radiation in cancer treatment is that electron beam did not recognize the distinction between healthy and diseased cell. External beam radiotherapy is used to deliver the radiations to the organ. Pelvic organ selected as a target volume. The pelvic organs include surrounding tissues/ organ at risk (OARs) such as per bladder, rectum, small bowl, Left and Right femoral heads. Thus, the purpose of this learning is to analyze and calculate the consequence of high energy electrons on these surrounding tissues of pelvic. Thus Mathematical & biological model, Linear quadratic model (LQM) is used as a tool to calculate the Biological Effective Dose (BED) and Biological Equivalent Dose (EQD2) with dose per fraction 2 for different Organs at Risk (OAR’s) nearer to the pelvic. Moreover, the aim of this analysis is to require a kind of the principles and methods connected to scattered doses (electron beam) surrounding organ to check and optimize the dose plan in radiation therapy by brief a big compilation of dosimetry and medical surveys.Item Electrodeposition of Metallic Nanoparticles on Flexible Tin Sulfide based Paper Electrodes for Energy Storage Application(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2021) Sadaf Manzoor; CIIT/SP20-RPH-060/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 7719This research aspires to have an unconventional and alternative source for flexible and bendable energy storage devices that has proved very useful to meet the demand of today’s energy crises. It is very interesting to use natural self-growing plant’s lignocellulose that are very abundant on earth and convert them in the form of paper-based electrodes. Fibers from papaya stem were taken and then dried, which were then treated in a solution to make flexible and smooth sheet. Addition of LC fiber makes the working electrode flexible, low cost and environmentally friendly for flexible energy storage applications. Tin sulphide (SnS) is a promising new material for use in several energy storage applications with a direct energy band gap of about 1.3 eV. Due to inherent rigid structure Tin sulfide cannot employ for modern flexible energy storage applications therefore, the composites of metal sulfides with the natural fibers will helpful to produce the flexible matrix for metal sulfides Poor conductivity of SnS/LC based flexible sheets were addresses by the electrodeposition of nanoparticles (i.e., MnS, Se-2) on fabricated sheets. The fabrication of Tin Sulfide based paper electrode results in boosting up the energy storage properties mainly its conductivity. Due to increment in energy storage properties, these electrodes have vast application in energy storage devices such as supercapacitors and sodium ion Batteries etc. These fabricated composites can be used further as flexible electrodes in energy storage applications because of enhanced electrochemical properties. Electrochemical cyclic voltammetry measurements were performed. CV results shows the at 100mvs materials with greater area under the curve has larger capacitance.Item Barium Hexaferrite: Synthesis and Microwave Properties(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2021) Hina Saleem; FA20-RPH-031; Assistant Profesor; LHR TP 7989Barium hexaferrite (BaFe12O19) is a big saturation magnetization, high Curie temperature, large permeability, strong resistance, high corrosion resistivity, and good chemical stability are all characteristics of hard magnetic materials. In the present work, Barium hexaferrite has been created using the co-precipitation method (BaFe12O19). The effects of different synthesis parameterslike treatment time and treatment temperature on the structural (crystal structure and microstructure) properties of barium hexaferrite have been studied. The as synthesized magnetic material is characterized by different techniques. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra is used to record to insight the functional bonding, while RAMAN spectra is analyzed to verify the structure of the prepared materialand UV-Vis spectroscopy is used look for the optical related properties of (BaFe12O19). In RAMAN analysis peaks from 600 to 400 cm-1 are due to A1g vibrations of Fe-O bonds at the octahedral 4f2, 2a, and12k sites. In FTIR the sample annealed at 1000oC and 1100oC, it was possible to infer from the curves that the peaks do not significantly change as the annealing temperature is raised., but a different transition percentage. The bands at, 1055cm-1 can be associated with the vibrations in the surfactant molecule and shows the C-H stretching. These changes in the structural parameters will be correlated to the associated changes in the electrical and microwave properties.
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