Final Year Projects (FYPs) - Undergraduates

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repository.cuilahore.edu.pk/handle/123456789/61

This collection archives the complete set of theses produced by students of the COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus.

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Barium Hexaferrite: Synthesis and Microwave Properties
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2021) Hina Saleem; FA20-RPH-031; Assistant Profesor; LHR TP 7989
Barium hexaferrite (BaFe12O19) is a big saturation magnetization, high Curie temperature, large permeability, strong resistance, high corrosion resistivity, and good chemical stability are all characteristics of hard magnetic materials. In the present work, Barium hexaferrite has been created using the co-precipitation method (BaFe12O19). The effects of different synthesis parameterslike treatment time and treatment temperature on the structural (crystal structure and microstructure) properties of barium hexaferrite have been studied. The as synthesized magnetic material is characterized by different techniques. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra is used to record to insight the functional bonding, while RAMAN spectra is analyzed to verify the structure of the prepared materialand UV-Vis spectroscopy is used look for the optical related properties of (BaFe12O19). In RAMAN analysis peaks from 600 to 400 cm-1 are due to A1g vibrations of Fe-O bonds at the octahedral 4f2, 2a, and12k sites. In FTIR the sample annealed at 1000oC and 1100oC, it was possible to infer from the curves that the peaks do not significantly change as the annealing temperature is raised., but a different transition percentage. The bands at, 1055cm-1 can be associated with the vibrations in the surfactant molecule and shows the C-H stretching. These changes in the structural parameters will be correlated to the associated changes in the electrical and microwave properties.
Cooking Through Solar Oven
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2020) Ayesha Shakeel , Samina Iqbal; FA16-BPH-034 , FA16-BPH-057Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad; Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad; LHR TP 5925
A unique and different design of double glazed solar oven with flat external reflectors at the top and front and an internal reflector at beneath the L-shaped absorber plate is numerically and parametrically studied. The maximum temperature attained by the internal absorber cavity of oven is within the range of 100-120oC. Overall energy balance on the absorber plate of proposed solar oven is solved by incorporating the effects of top, front and bottom reflectors. CFD simulations are used for the prediction of unknown buoyancy driven convective heat transfer co-efficient from the L-shaped absorber plate to the surrounding glass cover forming and enclosure. Experimental results are found to be in good agreement with the modeling results which leads to parametric study of solar oven. The effect of different components and various design parameters on the oven’s performance such as no. of glazing, spacing between glazing, thickness of glazing, influence of vertical and horizontal component of absorber plate, top, front and internal reflectors, and effect of absorber plate coatings are also discussed.
Development Of Cobalt Disulfide Through Microwave
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2020) Soha Iqbal , Anam Pervez; FA16-BPH-013 , FA16-BPH-015; Dr. Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 5935
Global warming is a major issue in a modern era due to greenhouse gases. Fossil fuel energy creates serious environmental, economic and resource deficiency problems. Such sources which generate and store electrical energy with the benefit of free, economical and biodegradable greenhouse gases are needed. With the development of nanotechnology, the modern world is shifting from old sources of energy to more efficient and sustainable sources of energy. In this research work, super capacitors electrodes are produced using a composite of CoS2 and natural fiber with improved power and energy density. The powder of CoS2 is prepared through microwave assisted method. The structural properties of cobalt disulfide are analyzed by XRD, SEM, FTIR, and cyclic voltammetry. Octahedron-shaped CoS2 crystals have been successfully fabricated through a simple hydrothermal route without any surfactant or template. The well- defined octahedral structures are highly uniform with a mean edge length of ~ 360 nm and exhibit a high geometric symmetry. The mechanism for the evolution process of the final octahedral structures is researched and proposed to begin with a growth and self-aggregation process. When electrochemically investigated as electrode materials for super capacitors, the as- fabricated CoS2 electrode shows typical pseudocapative properties with a specific capacitance of 236.5 F g-1 at 1 A g-1. Remarkably, it exhibits an excellent cycling stability at 2 A g-1 with only a loss of 7.4% in the specific capacitance after 2000 cycles.
DFT Study of Graphene/MoS2 Heterostructure Doped with Lanthanides
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2022) Fakhar Abbas; CIIT/FA20-RPH-034/LHR; LHR TP 7991
Nanotechnology is the term given to those areas of science and engineering where phenomena that take place at dimensions in the nanometer scale are utilized in the design, characterization, production and application of materials, structures, devices and systems. It can be defined in simple words as “any technology that can be performed on a nanoscale. The range of nano level is about 1 to 100 nanometers. A nanometer (1nm) is a billionth of a meter and it is as small as an atom. Nanotechnology goes beyond the established boundaries between the fields like chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics information technology and engineering disciplines. Nowadays nanotechnology is developing very quickly due to enormous potential to grow new nano materials [3]. The applications of nano materials are increasing day by day and that is the reasonthat we saw many devices in commercial market based on nonmaterial. Nanotechnology is playing key role in development of future electronic devices.
DFT study of positive LiMnPO4 electrode material of Li-ion battery
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2020) Fakhar Abbas , Ammar Zamir; FA16-BPH-044 , FA15-BPH-077; Dr.JunaidAmjad; LHR TP 5934
In this DFT calculations, diffusion of li ions in LiMnPO4 has been studied by using first principle and harmonic transition state theory. We have calculated the diffusion barrier and forward and reverse diffusion rates for diffusion mechanism in LiMnPO4. The results were in agreement with the literature value. Further improvement can be done by changing the exchange correlation potential and geometry optimization parameters while performing DFT calculations. Current work can be modified by using the doped LiMnPO4 material with transition metals
Di-electric and Band gap characterized of Indigenously Collected natural fibers.
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2020) FAZEELA BASHARAT , MUHAMMAD UZAIR SHAFIQ; FA16-BPH-070 , FA16-BPH-019; Dr. Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 5933
Due to increase in demand for energy storage in today’s society, the development of inexpensive, flexible and light weight energy storage device is essential. In this respect, paper-based energy storage devices are highly being preferred. The aim of this thesis to evaluate the use of Banana, Papaya and Q2 source. Banana, Papaya and Q2 source are used for paper-based energy storage devices. We report the band gap and dielectric properties of indigenously collected natural fibers, by having the sources of Banana, Papaya and Q2 source. By making the sheets of the sources with 0%, 15%, 30% and 45% bleaching. Afterwards, their characterization Impedance, bending effect, energy storage capacity, dielectric properties are observed by having the equal weight of the entire sheets. Dielectric properties increased when we increased the fiber content because the no. of polar groups increased. Di-electric constant, dissipation factor, di-electric loss factor of natural fibers was high at low frequency. Di-electric values decreased when frequency increased for all hybrid composites. Photonic band gap fibers are similar to electron wave motion which is analyzed by Bloch formulation. Effect of design parameters are also observed in terms of variations of allowed and forbidden bands of band gap fibers. I concluded that banana is the best source in terms of flexibility for energy storage applications.
Dosimetric Parameter’s Measurement for Different Radiation Beams to Develop a Precise Treatment Plan of Radiation Therapy
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) ARZOO ASHRAF CUI/FA21-RPH-031/LHR; CUI/FA21-RPH-031/LHR; Dr. Naima Amin; LHR TP 8595
Radiation therapy is a form of high energy gamma rays which can destroy or prevent the spread of cancer. It has been long known that patients treated with ionizing radiation carry a risk of developing a second cancer in their lifetimes. Factors that contribute to the restate of cancer (or may be called second cancer) includes improved cancer survival rate by using high radiations as well as emerging treatment modalities. These modalities such as intensity-modulated radiation treatment (IMRT). They can potentially elevate secondary exposures to healthy tissues distant from the target volume. In this study, cancer is treated with high-energy radiations. To provide radiation to the organ, external beam radiotherapy is performed. The target volume has been selected is the pelvic organ. The surrounding tissues and OARs of the pelvic organs include the bladder, rectum, small bowl, and LT and RT femoral heads. As a result, the goal of this work is to evaluate and compute the impact of high energy photons on these pelvic surrounding tissues. By using radiation beams for constant half value layer (HVL) and field size we determine the PDD and observe the path of radiation. Also we have check the variation in different parameters for closed applicators and diaphragm limited. For this we calculated values for different depths and field size and observe the PDD. A high energy through linear accelerator is used to strike the target in cancer treatment. Thus Mathematical & biological model (LQM) is used as a tool to calculate the Biological Effective Dose (BED) and Biological Equivalent Dose (EQD2) with dose per fraction for different Organs at Risk (OAR’s) nearer to the pelvic. The LQ model is further examined in the context of tumor control probability (TCP) models. Then we use the Radiobiological considerations can be utilized in a variety of therapeutic settings, and all physicians should be aware of the potential advantages of incorporating a quantitative radiobiological approach into their practice. Moreover, the aim of this study is to provide an understanding of the principles and methods related to scattered doses in surrounding organs to check and optimize the dose plan in radiation therapy by summarizing a large collection of dosimetry and clinical studies.
Electrodeposition of Metallic Nanoparticles on Flexible Tin Sulfide based Paper Electrodes for Energy Storage Application
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2021) Sadaf Manzoor; CIIT/SP20-RPH-060/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 7719
This research aspires to have an unconventional and alternative source for flexible and bendable energy storage devices that has proved very useful to meet the demand of today’s energy crises. It is very interesting to use natural self-growing plant’s lignocellulose that are very abundant on earth and convert them in the form of paper-based electrodes. Fibers from papaya stem were taken and then dried, which were then treated in a solution to make flexible and smooth sheet. Addition of LC fiber makes the working electrode flexible, low cost and environmentally friendly for flexible energy storage applications. Tin sulphide (SnS) is a promising new material for use in several energy storage applications with a direct energy band gap of about 1.3 eV. Due to inherent rigid structure Tin sulfide cannot employ for modern flexible energy storage applications therefore, the composites of metal sulfides with the natural fibers will helpful to produce the flexible matrix for metal sulfides Poor conductivity of SnS/LC based flexible sheets were addresses by the electrodeposition of nanoparticles (i.e., MnS, Se-2) on fabricated sheets. The fabrication of Tin Sulfide based paper electrode results in boosting up the energy storage properties mainly its conductivity. Due to increment in energy storage properties, these electrodes have vast application in energy storage devices such as supercapacitors and sodium ion Batteries etc. These fabricated composites can be used further as flexible electrodes in energy storage applications because of enhanced electrochemical properties. Electrochemical cyclic voltammetry measurements were performed. CV results shows the at 100mvs materials with greater area under the curve has larger capacitance.
Fabrication and Characterization of Co3O4-Fe2O3-Chitosan Ternary Nanobiocomposite Electrode for Neurotransmitters Detection Applications
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2024) Talha Tariq; CIIT/FA22-RPH-008/LHR; Dr. Akbar Ali; LHR TP 9434
This study focuses on the fabrication and characterization of a Co3O4-Fe2O3-Chitosan ternary nanobiocomposite electrode for detecting neurotransmitters, with a specific emphasis on Norepinephrine. The combination of these materials creates a unique electrochemical platform that offers enhanced sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of neurotransmitters, which are crucial biomarkers in diagnosing neurological diseases. The research involved synthesizing and analyzing Co3O4 nanoparticles, Co3O4-Fe2O3 (3:1) nanocomposites, Co3O4-Fe2O3-CS (3:1:2%) nanobiocomposites, and Co3O4-Fe2O3-CS (3:1:1%) nanobiocomposites. The nanobiocomposites, designed for neurotransmitter detection, specifically Norepinephrine, were thoroughly characterized and evaluated using a range of analytical techniques. These included X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman Spectroscopy, Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV). The analyses provided valuable insights into the structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties of the fabricated nanobiocomposite electrode. These findings demonstrate its potential for accurately detecting Norepinephrine in biological samples with high sensitivity and selectivity.
Fabrication and Characterization of organic paper electrode with Energy Storage Application
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2021) Farzana Bashir , Fatima Haider; FA16-BPH-051 , FA16-BPH-064; Dr. Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 5923
As the demand for energy storage is increased in today’s society, and the, flexible and light weight energy storage device is essential. In this way, paper-based energy storage devices are highly being reported The aim of this thesis to evaluate the use of banana fiber coating with NAOCL solution The banana fiber sheet was not accurate there was too much fiber in sheet and not flexible. Than we use 4g of dry orange peel powder in powder form we prepare 5M solution of sulphuric acid total volume of solution was 100ml and dissolve 4g orange peel dry powder wash acid until ph. become normal and make sheet. The composite sheets were so flexible that can bend into any geometric shape and can cut with the help of scissor. Than coating the sheet with 5g of Fecl3 and 0.5ml pyrrole. The composites sample LC/ PPY was further characterized by Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) According to the results of CV it was concluded that it is very good conductor orange peel is the best source in terms of flexibility and showing good electrochemical response for energy storage applications.
Fabrication and synthesis of Graphene Based Material through Microwave Assisted Method
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2021) IHSAN ABBAS; CIIT/ SP19-RPH-013/LHR; Dr. Ishrat Sultana; LHR TP 7235
Graphene nanoparticles have been used at industrial level, coating and drug delivery. Due to quick response time it is used for solar panels. Presently, energy dearth around the globe arises as a paramount subject to be solved. The rapid demand of energy consumption leads the research direction towards development of highly functional energy devices along with ease of utility. Also the choice of high efficiency materials becomes a crucial counterpart analogue to other factors of device fabrication in energy applications. Modern industries are striving to achieve highly effective, in this study, Graphene sheets were prepared by microwave assisted method with variation in stirring time. The prepared material was characterized by XRD, SEM, Raman and CV.
Isolation of lignin/cellulose Fibers from Self growing Plants from Indigenous sources
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2020) Marwa , Samia Akhtar , Sidra Naz; FA16-BPH-030 , FA16-BPH-031 , FA16-BPH-029; Dr. Amir Razaq; LHR TP 5930
Due to increase in demand for energy storage in today’s society, the development of inexpensive, flexible and light weight energy storage device is essential. In this respect, paper-based energy storage devices are highly being preferred. In this work, we report the fabrication and performance of super capacitors made from carbonized peanut shells and sugarcane which are renewable materials with a huge annual yield and are usually discarded directly by people. With proper treatment, peanut shells could be used for many applications. The aim of this thesis to evaluate the use of peanut shell flour and crushed wasted sugarcane cellulose fibers and conductive polymers i.e. polyaniline and polypyrene are used for paper-based energy storage devices. Two conductive composite paper materials were developed by covering the individual lignocelluloses fibers obtained from the peanut shells and sugarcane plant with a conducting polymer (Polyaniline, polypyrrole) coating.
Novel Ce/Co Metal Organic Frame Work Based Opto-Electrochemical dual mode Sensor for Foodborne Mycotoxin Detection
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Muhammad Mujeeb Ashraf; CIIT/FA23-RPH-027/LHR; Dr. Kashif Tufail; LHR TP 10001
A novel cerium-cobalt metal-organic framework (Ce/Co-PTC-MOF) was designed and employed as a fluorescence quenching sensor for the fast and selective detection of Ochtratoxin A(OTA) in food sample based on Ce redox properties and dual oxidation state. The Ce/Co-PTC-MOF was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, zeta potential measurements, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were employed for characterization. The MOF exhibited a hierarchical microstructure with a 3D flower-like morphology composed of ultrathin, interwoven nanosheets with strong negative surface charge. The fluorescence quenching response of Ce/Co-PTC-MOF was optimized by investigating the effects of MOF concentration, sonication time, incubation time, and pH on the quenching efficiency of Rhodamine B (Rh-B). The sensing mechanism was validated through fluorescence emission spectra, demonstrating efficient quenching of Rh-B by Ce/Co- PTC-MOF and significant fluorescence recovery upon the introduction of OTA. A machine learning (ML) approach was employed to enhance the sensor’s analytical capability by modeling the non-linear relationship between fluorescence recovery and OTA concentrations. The sensor exhibited a strong linear response to OTA concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 250 ng/L, with a low limit of detection of 10 pg/ml Electrochemical mode with electroactive surface area increased by nearly twice and electron-transfer kinetics increased at a moderately higher rate as compared to unmodified GCE, Ce/Co-PTC-MOF-modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) generated electrochemical mode products. Surface blocking/passivation controlled the detection mechanism as OTA adsorption at Ce/Co site selectively reduced the difference pulse voltammetry (DPV) peak currents and augmented charge-transfer resistance (Rct) in electrochemical impedance statistica (EIS). The sensor worked on the principle of DPV with the sensitivity of 193.8 mAng-1mL +cm +2 and the detection limit was found as 0.1775 ng/mL, whereas the EIS gave a even lower result with a LOD of 0.20 ng/mL. The selectivity investigations showed the high specificity to the OTA as compared to other mycotoxins and in spiked food sample the maximum recoveries were 99.12 to 102.05 with a low relative standard deviation. According to the obtained results, the Ce/Co-PTC-MOF represents a high-potential multifunctional platform to detect OTA in food safely and without quality concerns with high sensitivity and selectivity as well as practicably, suitable in foods quality control
Precise Edge Detection of diseased cell by using MATLAB
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2020) MOAZ BIN NAVEED , MUNEEB SALIM; FA16-BPH-079 , FA16-BPH-025; Dr. Naima Amin; LHR TP 5929
Edge Detection mainly aims at detecting the points in an image which is digital where its brightness change or in other terms ,the one which has discontinuous.it is the basic tool in the case of image processing and machine learning. In our project we collect the DICOM images of the brain affected by a disease known as multiple sclerosis (MS) disease. Different parts of the brain are affected by the MS diseases. This research is particularly designed to diagnose the brain disorder and analysis of the existence of abnormality in the surrounding or adjacent areas of the targeted tissues (abnormal part). This research will be helpful for radiologists for the treatment of abnormality in the targeted area(Lesions) and also in the adjacent areas. It will be helpful for the treatment of abnormality in the different tissues of the body.
Preparation of Composites Based on Ferrite & Biomass-derived Carbon and its Investigation for Supercapacitor Energy Storage Applications
(2025) Muskan Bibi; CIIT/FA23-RPH-048/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Habib; LHR TP 10004
In this research, nickel ferrite (NiFe₂O₄), aluminum-doped nickel ferrite (NiFe₁.₉Al₀.₁O₄), and a composite with Balsa wood-derived carbon were successfully synthesized using the hydrothermal method. The aim was to enhance the electrochemical performance of nickel ferrite for supercapacitor applications. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of a pure cubic spinel structure in all samples, with slight peak shifts observed in the doped and composite materials due to lattice modifications. Electrochemical characterization was carried out using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results demonstrated that Al doping improved electrical conductivity and structural stability, while the addition of biomass-derived carbon increased the surface area and reduced particle agglomeration. Among all samples, the Al–NiFe₂O₄/carbon composite exhibited the highest specific capacitance and best cyclic stability, proving it to be the most effective electrode material. This study highlights the potential of using low-cost, sustainable, and doped ferrite-carbon composites as advanced materials for energy storage in supercapacitor devices.
Salt-Water Batteries as anAlternative Energy Source
(2020) Zahra Munir , Faiza Riaz; FA16-BPH-033 , FA16-BPH-080; Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad; LHR TP 5926
The Energy-sector plays a vital role in ensuring all-round development and growth of economy of a nation. Pakistan, despite the enormous potential of its energy resources, remains energy- deficient and must rely heavily on imports to satisfy its needs.This project is to find the best solution of salt-water as an electrolyte in battery cell for power generation. In order to generate a power source, the method of electrolysis was applied by using Iron and Copper as the negative and positive terminals respectively, the solution of salt-water as an electrolyte and Copper (II) sulphate (CuSO 4) as an additive. There were three conditions of experiment that were carried out;i) changing size of Iron strips and Copper strips, ii) changing volume of salt-water, iii) different amount of Copper (II) sulphate (CuSO 4). In the first condition, the result showed that the bigger the size of Copper strips, the higher the current value produced. While in the second condition, there was not much effect produced in current and voltage values. In the third condition, the addition of CuSO 4 gave a large positive impact on the power cell. Judging by this experiment, it is decided to inject some amount of CuSO4 in the electrolysis. The main reason of injecting CuSO 4 into the electrolysis was to boost up the current value. Thus, the results showed that the combination of abundant amount of salt-water with limited amount of Copper (II) sulphate solution (CuSO 4) was a viable alternative source for future power cell generation.
Sheared Waveguide Analysis in Quantum Plasmas
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2019) Muhammad Ilyas Amin; CIIT/FA17-RPH-053/LHR; Prof. Dr. Muhammad Asif; LHR TP 5732
From literature it is found that the confined plasmas particularly in cylindrical geometry is employed for the study of electrostatic waves propagating along the z-direction. However, the study of a wave in a guided channel propagating at oblique angle is still matter of interest. In this thesis we studied the electrostatic wave with sheared features in the presence of electron quantum effects like Fermi pressure, quantum tunneling and the exchange-correlation potential. The high frequency electrostatic waves have been investigated in electron plasma. These electron high frequency waves are propagating obliquely in the cylindrically bounded magnetized electron plasma. The effects of cylindrical coordinates, magnetic field and obliqueness have significant impact on these electron cyclotron frequencies. The Bessel function of zero and first order effects are observed closely. Quantum parameters are used to check the phase effect on electron cyclotron wave. These results can be helpful for understanding the laboratory plasma.
Solar Oven/ Cooker
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2020) Aqsa Azam , Misbah Amjad; FA16-BPH-067 , FA16-BPH-068; Dr. Shahzada Qamar Hussain; LHR TP 5928
Solar cooking technology is a global response to poverty and the humiliation of climate, but very little work is conducted into the effect of using solar ovens on biomass fuel consumption. We design a solar oven/ cooker. The solar oven/cooker highly dependent on sunlight. It can cook or fried various things decently. This study evaluates the use of solar ovens and wood consumption in both rainy and dry seasons in northern Nicaragua, using surveys, temperature data loggers, and direct fuel wood use measurement. Owners of solar ovens recorded 79 percent use during the dry season and 41 percent of days during the rainy season. Oven temperature records recorded use during the dry season for 50 percent of days, and 16 percent of days during the rainy season. However, wood consumption measurements showed no statistically significant differences between days with solar furnace use and days without, suggesting that the frequency of use alone is not an appropriate proxy for fuel savings. Results of the survey suggest that, as opposed to replacing it, a large part of the use of solar furnaces came in addition to the cooking of biomass. These results suggest a need to further study the consumption of wood in situ and focus more on the specific types of foods prepared in solar cookers, as well as local cultural and climate conditions.
Study of Landau quantization effect over Jeans- Alfven Instability in Dense Plasmas
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2019) ZAHRA SHAHID; CIIT/SP17-RPH-004/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Jamil; LHR TP 5708
Quantum plasmas have gained significance due to its applications in magnetized/un- magnetized semiconductor and astrophysical plasmas. Quantum effects are usually incorporated through exchange and correlation potential, Bohm potential, Fermi degenerate pressure in the presence or absence of external magnetic field. The electromagnetic waves of low frequency are commonly known as Alfven waves. The modification in the electronic properties of materials as a function of the applied magnetic field are Landau quantization. Henceforth in this thesis studied the Landau Quantization effect over Jeans Instability in Dense Plasma. The self-gravitational or Jeans instability come to play due to the gravitational characteristics of massive species in plasmas. This thesis deals with two scales competing with each other. First, the gravitational time scale associated with massive particles called ion. Second, acoustic time scale. The source of acoustic scale is the lighter particles like electron fluid that exert acoustic pressure outward. If the two scales are comparable then the system will be at equilibrium. On other case, if the acoustic time scale is larger, then the gravitational collapse will take case and if the gravitational time scale is larger than the explosion will take place. In this work the comparative analysis of Jeans and quantum plasmas have analyzed under different conditions. In other words, the macroscopic effects evolved
Study the structural and optical properties of strontium doped cobalt ferrite
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2020) Usama Zahid; FA16-BPH-045; Dr. Amina Mir; LHR TP 5932
AD5933 IC is a high precision impedance converter system. The AD5933 was considered to be a low-cost alternative for impedance analysis in small-scale medical applications. In this article, it is used for detection of bio electrical impedance. Design of control circuit based on STM32 microprocessor is described. The system is operated from a PC, and the software required for operation and control has been developed.