Department of Physics

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    Computerized Medical Image Analysis for Optimization of Cancer
    (Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Zulqarnain Nazir; CIIT/FA23-RPH-041/LHR; Dr. Naima Amin; LHR TP 10116
    The medical imaging has a significant role in the diagnosis and management of cancer, but the images produced by medical imaging modalities like MRI and CT usually contain noise, low contrast, and visual artifacts. These artifacts may conceal valuable tumor data and complicate the correct interpretation of clinicians. This thesis is aimed at enhancing medical image quality by means of computerized analysis of images so as to aid in enhancing the evaluation of cancers. Images of different patients acquired by MRI and CT were utilized in standard DICOM format in this study. Ten image enhancement procedures have been used in this study including sharpening, noise reduction, edge retention, contrast enhancement and visualization in three dimensions. The tools that were utilized to complete the analysis were RadiAnt DICOM Viewer and 3D Slicer, which provided the visualization options of the images, multiplanar reconstruction, tumor segmentation, and quantitative analysis. The results shows that image clarity and contrast and noise reduction are greatly enhanced by the use of appropriate enhancement methods. These enhancements contribute to the better visualization of tumor borders and the adjacent organs, resulting in more accurate segmentation and analysis. The improved quality of images also means that repeat scans can be reduced hence the cost and patient exposure can be minimized. On the whole, this study indicates that computerized medical image analysis may be used as a quality tool in streamlining the cancer imaging process and assisting in better diagnosis and treatment planning.
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    MIP based Electrochemical Identification of Rutin using Lead Pencil as An Electrode Source.
    (Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Zahra Munir; CIIT/SP22-RPH-013/LHR; Dr. Naima Amin; LHR TP 9999
    In response to the increasing demand for rapid and user-friendly procedures in research laboratories and hospitals, this study introduces a novel and direct electropolymerization method for monitoring Rutin in biological samples and pharmaceutical formulations. A molecularly imprinted pencil graphite electrode was employed, and electropolymerized in situ to create a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) network. The electropolymerization process involved Rutin as the template, pyrrole as the monomer, and SnS2/rGO. Experimental parameters were fine-tuned using Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) to optimize MIP efficacy. DPV investigations demonstrated a proportional increase in the peak oxidation signal with decreasing Rutin concentrations, showcasing the sensitivity of the developed method. Rutin concentrations ranging from 0.05nM to 100 µM could be accurately measured, boasting an impressive low detection limit of 0.01 nM. The proposed sensor exhibited exceptional detection capabilities in biological samples spiked with Rutin, highlighting acceptable recovery rates. This innovative electrochemical approach, combining molecular imprinting with electropolymerization, not only offers a sensitive and selective method for Rutin detection but also presents a versatile platform for monitoring other bioactive compounds. The simplicity, efficiency, and low detection limit make it a promising tool for routine analysis in diverse healthcare and pharmaceutical applications.
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    Al Doped ZnO Nanomaterial For Solar Cell Application
    (Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Attiya Afzal; CIIT/SP21-RPH-027/LHR; Dr. Ishrat Sultana; LHR TP 9998
    The energy problem is the most fascinating problem in this world because the way of success of every country is depending upon the development of low cast, well-ordered and high efficiency energy source devices. There are several research groups are working to develop the devices for renewable energy sources. So, we are going to focus our research on solar cells materials for renewable energy source like Zinc Oxide (ZnO). This material is highly useful for making the heterojunction solar cell as well as window layer. Other hand ZnO is used for 3rd generation/DSSC. In this direction we have synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles by low- cost co-precipitation method without any surfactants. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles have done the characterizations like X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) to evaluate shape, size, reproducibility and morphology of nanoparticles.
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    Preparation of Composites Based on Ferrite & Biomass-derived Carbon and its Investigation for Supercapacitor Energy Storage Applications
    (2025) Muskan Bibi; CIIT/FA23-RPH-048/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Habib; LHR TP 10004
    In this research, nickel ferrite (NiFe₂O₄), aluminum-doped nickel ferrite (NiFe₁.₉Al₀.₁O₄), and a composite with Balsa wood-derived carbon were successfully synthesized using the hydrothermal method. The aim was to enhance the electrochemical performance of nickel ferrite for supercapacitor applications. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of a pure cubic spinel structure in all samples, with slight peak shifts observed in the doped and composite materials due to lattice modifications. Electrochemical characterization was carried out using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results demonstrated that Al doping improved electrical conductivity and structural stability, while the addition of biomass-derived carbon increased the surface area and reduced particle agglomeration. Among all samples, the Al–NiFe₂O₄/carbon composite exhibited the highest specific capacitance and best cyclic stability, proving it to be the most effective electrode material. This study highlights the potential of using low-cost, sustainable, and doped ferrite-carbon composites as advanced materials for energy storage in supercapacitor devices.
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    Barium and Strontium doped Ceria Based Ceramic Electrolytes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
    (Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Muhammad Arslan; CIIT/Fa23-RPH-047/LHR; Prof. Dr. Rizwan Raza; LHR TP 10003
    Renewable energy sources are becoming more and more important in today's society. They will be crucial shortly if climate change is to be prevented. This industry has seen a surge in interest in fuel cells due to its high conversion efficiency in comparison to conventional techniques for energy conversion. Fuel flexibility, minimal pollution and hazardous emissions, and affordable components make SOFCs a valuable source of energy conversion technology. There are still certain problems that need to be fixed, like the fact that at low- temperature conductivity and efficiency decreased. Electrolyte metals (SmNO3, BaNO3, Sr(NO3)3, CeNO3) doped SDC materials with enhanced properties, like chemical stability, durability, thermal coefficient compatibility, and conduction mechanism enhancement, are developed in this study using the co- precipitation method. These properties have a direct impact on the material's conductivity and electrochemical performance. Using Raman spectroscopy, a range of investigations, including rotational and vibration modes and structural features, are performed on the synthesized materials. Utilizing UV-visible analysis, the band gap energy (Eg) is determined. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is utilized to analyze ohmic and polarization losses at varying temperatures. The fuel (hydrogen) is used to test the electrochemical performance. The Raman data indicate a diminishing gap between the conduction and valance bands as the size of the material particle rises owing to blue shifting. The band gap values of the materials dropped as the metal changed, according to UV-visible analysis. The Bandgap values is (Ba0.5 Sr0.5 Ce0.8 Sm0.2., Ba0.5 Sr0.5 Ce0.7 Sm0.3 , Ca0.5 Sr0.5 Ce0.8 Sm0.2, Ca0.5 Sr0.5 Ce0.7 Sm0.3 ) have been determined to be (Eg=2.65eV,3.01eV,3.02eV,3.04) respectively. The good electrochemical qualities of the produced samples were confirmed by the fact that the materials' conductivity increases as the sintering temperature rises. Since the transition metal-doped SDC electrolyte materials have improved electrical conductivity for SOFC applications, they have demonstrated good performance.
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    Novel Ce/Co Metal Organic Frame Work Based Opto-Electrochemical dual mode Sensor for Foodborne Mycotoxin Detection
    (Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Muhammad Mujeeb Ashraf; CIIT/FA23-RPH-027/LHR; Dr. Kashif Tufail; LHR TP 10001
    A novel cerium-cobalt metal-organic framework (Ce/Co-PTC-MOF) was designed and employed as a fluorescence quenching sensor for the fast and selective detection of Ochtratoxin A(OTA) in food sample based on Ce redox properties and dual oxidation state. The Ce/Co-PTC-MOF was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, zeta potential measurements, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were employed for characterization. The MOF exhibited a hierarchical microstructure with a 3D flower-like morphology composed of ultrathin, interwoven nanosheets with strong negative surface charge. The fluorescence quenching response of Ce/Co-PTC-MOF was optimized by investigating the effects of MOF concentration, sonication time, incubation time, and pH on the quenching efficiency of Rhodamine B (Rh-B). The sensing mechanism was validated through fluorescence emission spectra, demonstrating efficient quenching of Rh-B by Ce/Co- PTC-MOF and significant fluorescence recovery upon the introduction of OTA. A machine learning (ML) approach was employed to enhance the sensor’s analytical capability by modeling the non-linear relationship between fluorescence recovery and OTA concentrations. The sensor exhibited a strong linear response to OTA concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 250 ng/L, with a low limit of detection of 10 pg/ml Electrochemical mode with electroactive surface area increased by nearly twice and electron-transfer kinetics increased at a moderately higher rate as compared to unmodified GCE, Ce/Co-PTC-MOF-modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) generated electrochemical mode products. Surface blocking/passivation controlled the detection mechanism as OTA adsorption at Ce/Co site selectively reduced the difference pulse voltammetry (DPV) peak currents and augmented charge-transfer resistance (Rct) in electrochemical impedance statistica (EIS). The sensor worked on the principle of DPV with the sensitivity of 193.8 mAng-1mL +cm +2 and the detection limit was found as 0.1775 ng/mL, whereas the EIS gave a even lower result with a LOD of 0.20 ng/mL. The selectivity investigations showed the high specificity to the OTA as compared to other mycotoxins and in spiked food sample the maximum recoveries were 99.12 to 102.05 with a low relative standard deviation. According to the obtained results, the Ce/Co-PTC-MOF represents a high-potential multifunctional platform to detect OTA in food safely and without quality concerns with high sensitivity and selectivity as well as practicably, suitable in foods quality control
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    Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Manganese Tungsten Oxide (AgMnWO3) Electrode Material on Graphene Substrate for High Performance of Energy Storage Devices
    (Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Asma Zulfiqar; CIIT/FA23-RPH-012/LHR; Dr. M. Hammad Aziz; LHR TP 9844
    This work is centered on the synthesis and physical properties of AgMnWO₃ as superior energy storage electrodes on graphene scaffolds. As the search for higher efficiency of the energy storage systems advancing most of the conventional systems are challenged by a plethora of time-optimal parameters including stability, rate capability and energy density. AgMnWO₃ has also been identified to have preferable electrochemical performance; hence, would boost the supercapacitors’ performance only if incorporated with graphite. The AgMnWO₃/rGO nanocomposites will be synthesized by hydrothermal process. The surface characteristics and structural compositions of the composites will be examined by techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Electrochemical characterization using EIS, GCD and CV would be used to ascertain the main functional attribute like the specific capacitance, energy density, the charge transport capability. This preparation techno will be better equipped with graphene in AgMnWO3 and thereby provide the study with more comprehensive analysis of energy storage. Supercapacitors are advanced through the studies on super substrate graphene as well as AgMnWO3, getting relatively higher energy density than that of batteries. This material comes in handy in scenarios like energy storage in renewable power or efficiently integrating graphene composites within a manufacturing process across electric vehicles enhanced strength not to mention the conductivity in energy storage. The summary of investigations of AgMnWO3/rGO composites will shed light on the necessity of classical materials. Any such information that is considered useful to progress with future, sustainable technologies for high-energy storage.
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    Investigation and Fabrication of Piezoelectric Based Nanogenerators for Energy Harvesting Applications
    (Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Faisal Ali; CUI/FA23-RPH- 014/LHR; Dr. Amna Mir; LHR TP 9845
    PENGs (piezoelectric nanogenerators) have emerged a promising technology to harvest electrical energy from mechanical stress (pressure, vibrations) to empower the small-scale electronic devices. This study focuses on the investigation and fabrication of piezoelectric- based nanogenerators for energy harvesting applications. We designed and developed nanostructured devices by manipulating the piezoelectric properties of materials NaNbO3 (sodium niobate) for efficient energy conversion. The process for the fabrication of devices involved advanced techniques including hydrothermal synthesis, ink synthesis and EHD (electrohydrodynamic) printing for thin film deposition of NaNbO3 to achieve high- performance nanostructure with enhanced piezoelectric response of material and device. The materials and nanogenerators were characterized for their electrical properties and electrical output under various mechanical conditions e.g. UV, FTIR, Raman, XRD for material and IVfor device. Experimental results demonstrated a significant output voltage. The study also demonstrated the integration of PENGs with flexible substrates and the material is environmentally friendly for wearable, implantable devices and self-powered sensors. The work highlights the nanogenerators could be a good solution for sustainable energy harvesting in next-generation electronic devices.
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    Synthesis and Characterization of Al based flexible electrode for Aluminum Ion Battery
    (Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Abdul Haseeb Bhatti; CIIT/FA23-RPH-001/LHR; Dr. Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 9837
    This study aims to resolve embedded limitations of conventional aluminium-ion batteries (AIB) through development of flexible and robust aluminium-derived electrodes that can serve potential in affordable, eco-friendly, and high-performance energy storage frameworks. Due to the low cost, non-toxicity, high theoretical capacity, long cycle life, and the large variety of available cathode materials, aluminium-ion batteries have received increasing attention as an attractive alternative to Li-ion batteries. However, its spontaneous brittle nature prevents it from practical application in flexible and light-weight applications. To solve this problem, developing research is steering toward the reinforcement of aluminium with lignocellulose (LC) Fibers to form a composite matrix that maintains the electrochemical properties of aluminium, yet introduces mechanical conformability and structural durability. The aluminium based composite electrodes were prepared and optimized with different synthetic methods including sol-gel process, hydrothermal synthesis, and microwave assisted method. Among them, the microwave-assisted approach could result in more efficient homogeneous and adverse. Structurally stable electrodes with greater efficiency. The resultant LC Fiber reinforced Al composites electrodes exhibited superior mechanical properties without compromising their electrochemical performance, which brings them one step closer to the potential applications in wearable and flexible energy storage. Beyond proving the conception of LC Fiber-integrated flexible aluminium-ion batteries of future, this work reports on a new processing architecture based on a microwave-IR hybrid radiation technology for sustainable and scalable manufacture of electrodes.
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    Extraction of Carbon Based Biochar fromWasted Biomass for Energy Storage Application
    (Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Aftab Javid; CIIT/FA23-RPH-003/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Aamir Razaq; LHT TP 9838
    The growing need for powerful eco-friendly energy storage has determined research into better electrode materials for supercapacitors. Supercapacitors famous for their fast charge and discharge cycles and high-power output, but their energy storage capacity remains relatively low, when relying on Bismuth Sulfide (Bi₂S₃). To solve this, we use Biochar, a carbon-rich material that can both store more electrons and also facilitates fast electron transport. In this study, we created a binder-free electrode by growing Bi₂S₃ directly onto Biochar made from Amal Tass pods biomass waste, using a fast microwave-assisted process. First, we turned the Amal Tass pods into conductive biochar through drying, grinding, and a simple hydrothermal step. Then mixed this biochar into water with Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O and thiourea, and exposed the mixture to microwave energy and a uniform Bi₂S₃–Biochar composite formed, no binders or extra additives needed. This composite delivers a high energy density, making it a strong candidate to replace batteries. Raman spectroscopy confirmed that Bi₂S₃ adopted its orthorhombic crystal structure within the carbon matrix, and it also showed the characteristic D- and G-bands of biochar at 1391 and 1595 cm⁻¹. When we tested the composite in 2 M KOH, cyclic voltammetry revealed clear redox peaks whose areas raised with scan rate, indicating strong pseudocapacitive behavior. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed low charge-transfer resistance, which means ions and electrons move through the material with ease. Together, these results demonstrate that our quick, green microwave method produces Bi₂S₃–Biochar electrodes that combine high power with improved energy storage an encouraging step toward the next generation of sustainable pseudocapacitors.