Department of Physics

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3D Printing of Metal-Organic-Framework (MOF) on Fishery Packaging for Real Time Freshness Monitoring
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Muhammad; CIIT/SP24-RPH-005/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Ashfaq Ahmad; LHR TP 10119
The fabrication of colorimetric sensors via three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is an emerging field of research in recent times due to its cost-effectiveness, design freedom, and efficient use of sensing material. Herein, we utilize this technology to fabricate 3D printed multiplex tags (3D-PMTs) on textile fabric substrate to monitor real-time freshness of packaged fish. We prepare three sodium alginate (SA) based inks containing: rose anthocyanin incorporated metal-organic framework (RA-MOF) (pH indicator), curcumin incorporated metal-organic framework (Cur-MOF) (pH indicator), and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) (H2S indicator), respectively. We demonstrate that the incorporation of these indicators into the cross-linked sodium alginate (SA) does not affect their colorimetric response towards pH change and H2S. The 3D-PMTs exhibited excellent sensitivity, colorimetric response, and stability. These characteristics of the 3D-PMTs enable us to visually monitor the freshness of the packaged fish at three different storage temperatures (30°C, 16°C, and -4°C) for a prolonged period of time. The results demonstrate that these 3D-PMTs have great potential to be utilized in freshness monitoring.
3D-printing of metallic nanoparticles via electrodeposition on paper based electrodes for energy storage application
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) Ammara Kanwal; CIIT/SP22-RPH-006/LHR; Dr. Ishrat Sultana
A fresh method for handling the content develop variety of applications is provided by the ability of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. Anisotropic in nature, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a multilayer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD). Its exceptional physio-chemical characteristics include a high carrier mobility, tunable band gap, large surface-to-volume ratio, unique electrical characteristic, friction, catalytic, and optical qualities. However, LC/MoS2 composites are synthesized by microwave assisted method. LC/MoS2 nanosheets electrodeposited by silver (Ag) and gold (Au) to enhance the electrical conductivity of LC/MoS2 substrate. The characterization performed for the properties of this composites include electrochemical analysis, FESEM, Raman & UV- vis spectroscopies. As a result, current density of 2 A g−1, the nanocomposite exhibits an impressive capacitive response of capacitance 9.1 F g−1. Absorption peak lies in the visible region with band gap of 1.9 eV. In summary, we have effectively combined the optical and electrical properties of the different components to create a unique composite that served as a useful platform for the advancement in energy storage applications.
A Bismuth and Gallium Co-doped Cathode Materials for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2021) GHULAM MUSTAFA; CIIT/FA19-RPH-003/LHR; Dr. Ghazanfar Abbas; LHR TP 7262
To avoid carbon dioxide emissions, which cause global warming and climate change, the trend is turning toward renewable energy sources. Because of their high energy conversion and low/zero emissions, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are one of the finest solutions for energy production. SOFC is a fantastic choice for using biogas as a clean and high-energy conversion. There are still a few issues to work out, particularly for SOFCs with biogas fuel that operate at intermediate to lower temperatures. The perovskite structure plays a vital role in meeting the materials requirements for SOFCs.As a result, strontium-based perovskite structured cathode materials were created in this study. Strontium cobalt bismuth gallium oxide (SrCo1-x-yBixGayO3–δ (SCBG)) is the suggested material, with x=0, 0.1,0.2 and y=0, 0.1,0.2. The sol gel technique was used to prepare allof the samples. This study looks at the functions of cathode materials (SrCo1x- yBixGayO3–δ (SCBG)). Raman spectra of LSCF cathodes reveal prominent bands at peak positions, 130,420,515, 632, and 990 cm-1 wavelengths, corresponding to bonds characteristic vibrations and, optical phonon mode. Because it generates more oxygen ion vacancies, SCBG is a great cathode material, enhancing the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathodic sites. XRD pattern of SCB10 and SCG10 is observed in such a way that crystalline structure was 38.65 and 38.13 nm respectively, that was confirmed by using SEM that concluded grain size 30-60 nm. The structure of proposed materials are rehmbohedral and hexagonal for SCB10 and SCG10 respectively. Sem confirmed that our samples are porous and has spheriacal and cylendrical particle shape that allows the maximum space to oxygen vaccencies. The low ohmic resistance metre KD2531 is use to assess the DC conductivity of SCBG cathode samples. At 600 °C, the sample SCBG20 from citric extracts has a maximum conductivity of 28.125 Scm-1 and ASR 0.0565 Ωcm2, via citrus extracts at 600 °C.
A comprehensive study of Plasmon Emission in Lanthanide Doped Bio-glasses
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2022) Saba Younas Rana; CIIT/SP21-RPH-006/LHR; Dr. M Junaid Amjad; LHR TP 8153
In this work, sol–gel-based erbium Er3+ doped with or without silver bioactive glass powders were prepared. Rare earth (RE) elements exhibit similar nature and have free electrons, this property enable them to react with almost every element that is why they are used in modern technologies. RE ions have excellent spectral and chemical properties. Rare earth silicate based glass materials show promise for optical, photonic, and biomedical uses. Plasmonic nano silver impact photoluminescence spectroscopy of silicate based glass co-doped with Er3+ ions. Some rare earth ions convert the wavelength of incident light into shorter wavelength. This is an anti-stoke process and known as up-conversion. In recent era, up-conversion (UC) process have been discussed due to their applications in many fields, such as bio-imaging, solar cells etc. Although UC is very important but unfortunately it is not an efficient phenomenon which means if many lower energy photons get absorbed in material, only one higher energy photon get emitted. To enhance the UC process, plasmonic nanostructures have been used which may increase the efficiency of up-converting materials. It is investigated that rare earth Silver NPs co-doped in glass material has luminescence effect due to surface Plasmon resonance (SPR). Surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) is collective oscillation of electrons in metal surface due to these oscillations, electric field produced around (NPs). Plasmonic NPs with RE ions, enhance the spectral properties and increase optical transition by intensive electric field. The main purpose of silicate based glass co doped with RE and Ag NPs is to investigate the SERS effects and obtain stable glass substrate. Enhanced Photoluminescence of RE ions in glass containing silver species occurred due to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and it can enhance many optical phenomena. It is also described that silver acts as a sensitizer for RE ions in glass. The higher visible emission spectra under excitation of 488 nm was observed. Increased heat treatment can increase the concentration of NPs and it can cause quenching effect in intensity of Dy3+ ion. Advanced techniques, such as Raman, PL (photoluminescence), and FTIR, are used to study the optical, structural and morphological characteristics of these glasses. The results demonstrate absorption and luminescence spectroscopy, as well as the excited state lifetime, which influences the optical characteristics of the glass. Photoluminescence characteristics were investigated in detail. The steady state photoluminescence and decay kinetics of the samples were investigated under excitation (488 nm) where only Er3+ close to Si nano clusters can be excited. All the samples prepared in the study exhibited bright green emission upon excitation at 488 nm. Results showed that the dopant concentration and the sample morphology have significant influence on the photoluminescence and decay properties of the glasses. Sol–gel-derived bioactive glass particles exhibited stronger emission intensity.
A comprehensive study on the synthesis and characterization of glass as a nuclear waste host
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2022) Fatima Sana; CIIT/FA20-RPH-039/LHR; LHR TP 7995
The nuclear waste host Zinc-Iron-Phosphate glass have been prepared with molar composition 40 P2O5 – 10 B2O3 – 20Fe2O3 – (30-x) ZnO – xBaO2, where we vary x as 0, 5, 10 and 20 by melt quench method. FTIR results shows that the chemical durability of HLW glasses increase due to the presence of Fe2O3 content because P- O-P bond is being replaced by more chemically resistant Fe-O-P bonds. The dimension of relative area for one group is proportional to its peak intensity in Raman spectra. Generally, the loading of HLW induces the increase of Q0 groups and the decrease of Q1 and Q2 groups. The variations of Raman Spectra are consistent with the results of FTIR analysis. The optical absorption spectra of these glasses were measured at room temperature in the wavelength range between 200 and 800 nm. The optical absorption indicates that the electronic transition is indirect. From the absorption spectra, the optical energy band gaps for all the glass samples were calculated from their ultraviolet edges. The values of Eenrgy is found to increase from 3.36 to 3.83 eV as ZnO content is increases. Variation in these optical parameters is discussed and correlated with the structural changes within the glassy matrix.
A First-principles Study of Phonon Lattice Thermal Conductivity of Sulvanite Compounds
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) Misbah Ullah Khan; CIIT/FA21-RPH-010/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Ashfaq Ahmed; LHR TP 8583
Density functional theory is used to study sulvanite compound(VCu3S4) both the cubic and tetragonal phase. The lattice parameter in case of tetragonal phase is as following, 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 5.3096 while the ratio of 𝑐 ⁄𝑎 = 1.05 which shows that 𝑐 = 5.5750 under relax calculation. While in case of cubic 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 == 5.4642. both phases are first optimized and found the minimum energy at these values of the lattice vectors. Both the phases are observed to have indirect band gap and the band gap is found to be 1.88eV for tetragonal phase and 1.01eV eV for cubic phase. Partial density of state and total density of state are also studied which provide further confirmation of the band gap and other electronic properties of the material. Boltztrap code is used to investigate the thermoelectric properties of both the phases of the material (cubic and tetragonal phase). We determined the ZT values, for cubic phase the highest ZT value achieved at CBM is 0.75 at 500K temperature and at VBM the highest value is 0.73 at 800K. while in case of tetragonal phase the highest ZT achieved at CBM is 0.85 at 1200K temperature and at VBM the highest ZT value is 0.8 at 1100K temperature. The values of ZT shows that the material is good for thermoelectric purposes. Also, the novelty of this manuscript is the study of the tetragonal phase of the material, which looks good regards to the ZT value.
A High Entropy Perovskite Materials for Energy Conversion Devices
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Asif Iqbal; CIIT/SP24-RPH-001/LHR; Dr. M Ajmal Khan; LHR TP 10118
This study investigates high-entropy perovskite materials and their potential applications in energy conversion devices. High-entropy perovskites, characterized by the incorporation of multiple elements into a single crystal structure, have emerged as promising materials due to their enhanced structural stability, tunable electronic properties, and improved thermal performance. The research explores the synthesis, characterization, and functional properties of high-entropy perovskite materials for use in advanced energy conversion technologies such as solar cells, fuel cells, thermoelectric devices, and catalytic systems. The study also examines how compositional diversity influences conductivity, energy efficiency, durability, and overall device performance.
A Molecular Dynamics Study Of Oxide Based Glasses For Potential Applications As Nuclear Waste Host
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Neha; CIIT/FA23-RPH-051/LHR; Dr. Junaid Amjad; LHR TP 9869
The immobilization of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) is a critical challenge in the nuclear fuel cycle, necessitating the development of structurally durable and chemically stable waste forms. In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to investigate the structural, dynamic, and radiation-tolerant properties of a complex borosilicate glass matrix composed of SiO₂, B₂O₃, Na₂O, BaO, ZrO₂, and UO₂. The objective was to assess its suitability as a potential host for the safe containment of actinide-rich nuclear waste. A melt-quench protocol was applied to generate an amorphous glass structure, followed by equilibrium and radiation-damage simulations using the LAMMPS simulation package. Structural analysis through radial distribution functions (RDFs), coordination number calculations, and Voronoi volume analysis revealed the presence of stable tetrahedra units, and ZrO₆ octahedra—suggesting a well-connected, radiation-tolerant glass network. Uranium ions were observed to be immobilized within the cage-like structure formed by Zr and O polyhedra, which effectively limited their mobility even under thermal and irradiation conditions. Displacement cascade simulations, initiated by imparting kinetic energy to uranium atoms (1–5 keV), demonstrated localized structural damage without long-range atomic diffusion, confirming the glass’s inherent resistance to radiation-induced destabilization. Mean squared displacement (MSD) analyses further confirmed negligible mobility of heavy ions like U, while lighter species such as Na⁺ reflecting the role of network modifiers in accommodating dynamic rearrangements. Post-radiation thermal annealing simulations suggested partial self-healing capabilities of the glass network, with RDF peaks and coordination distributions largely recovering to pre-damage states. Overall, the simulation results highlight the resonable structural integrity, uranium retention potential, and self-repair behaviour of the proposed borosilicate glass under radiation. These findings support its viability as a long-term nuclear waste host, contributing to the broader goal of safe and sustainable radioactive waste management.
A Non – Enzymatic Hydrogen Peroxide Biosensor Based on RGO/MnO2 Nanocomposite
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2020) Fahad Abbas; P19-RPH-002; Dr. Muhammad Hammad Aziz; LHR TP 6366
Another electrocatalyst, RGO/MnO2 half breed nano structure was effectively incorporated for the non-enzymatic discovery of H2O2. The morphological portrayal was inspected by X-Ray Diffractometery (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The RGO/MnO2 based terminals demonstrated high electrochemical action in order to recognize the hydrogen peroxide in soluble solution. The non-enzymatic biosensors showed great execution alongside small operational potential, great affectability, little recognition boundary, and long haul dependability, that can be ascribed to the great surface area of RGO accommodating the statement of MnO2 nanoparticles. These outcomes show that , fresh Nano composite along great surface territory and electrocatalytic action offers extraordinary guarantee for new class of nanostructured terminal for non-enzymatic biosensor also, energy change applications. Here, in this experimental study, we have synthesized and characterized RGO-MnO2 by X-ray Diffractometery (XRD) , Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for structural and morphological studies.
A Potential Electrolyte for Energy Conversion Device using Waste Eggshells and Banana Peel
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2020) MUHAMMAD SHAHID SHARIF; CIIT/FA18-RPH-025/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Ashfaq Ahmad; LHR TP 6086
The demand of potential energy storage and energy conversion devices has alarmed our country. Global warming is also destroying the echo system and environment due to enhancement of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. The key to success for an organization is to produce clean, sustainable and affordable energy which may leads to the healthy impact on the humanity and atmosphere by reduction of pollution and utilizing renewable resources of energy. Energy by renewable means it would have an interesting solution to this problem. Pakistan is among-st the top 10 leading egg production countries producing 18 billion eggs annually. These waste materials are abundantly available worldwide and Asia is at top in production of bananas too. Egg shells contain calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) which makes up 95 % of its constituents. Eggshells are rich source of raw calcium (39% elemental calcium). That will be used to obtain calcium acetate Ca(CH3COO)2 and calcium oxide CaO. Similarly banana peel is a source to get potassium. Dried banana peel comprise of 42% potassium. Burning of potassium would convert it into potassium carbonate. Calcium acetate Ca(CH3COO)2 and calcium oxide CaO will further be used as dopants to form calcium doped ceria electrolyte. 4 samples were prepared by using the method of co-precipitation named CDC-1, CDC-2, K2CO3@CDC-1, K2CO3@CDC2. upon sample 3 and sample coating of extracted potassium carbonate was done. Provided is the SOFC calcium doped ceria electrolyte upon with coating of potassium carbonate is done to enhance its functionality, durability, stability and to make it duel ion conductor. Coating of potassium carbonate on calcium doped ceria (CDC) will provide the interface/ core shell structures which play a vital role in lowering the working temperature of SOFC by making it dual ion conductor. XRD and FTIR analysis was done to analyse crystal orientation/crystal structure, crystallite size, and existence of chemical bonds in synthesized samples. DC conductivity using 4 point probe technique was done to analyse conductivity of prepared samples. Power density and current density was calculated by fuel cell performance graphs. The electrochemical performance values are comparable with the literature values where same material was used using chemical from labs. It gives the idea about of quality of extracted materials with proper doping as it was further evident from characterization tools like XRD and FTIR. Sample 3 and sample 4 made by coating of potassium carbonate upon prepared ceria samples provided much encouraging and excellent results in the same temperature range making the conductivity value approximately 6.4 and 6.45 S/cm.K with activation energies of 0.20 eV in the temperature range of 450 to 750ºC. An analysis was also made comparing between particle size and conductivity. Smallest crystallite size calculated using scherrer formula was of K2CO3@CDC-2 which was calculated 41.31 nm which provides maximum output value for conductivity, OCV, power density and current density.
A Study of Structural properties of Porous ZeoliteImidazole Based 2-Dimensional Nanostructures For Electrochemical Applications
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2021) Nadir Ali; CUI/SP20-RPH-055/LHR; Dr. Farah Alvi; LHR TP 7701
Recently, 2-D metal oxide frameworks (MOFs) have exhibited great potential for energy storage devices including supercapacitors and batteries. This is due to their superior and highly tunable porous, structural, and morphological features. Zeolite imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are highly chemically, and thermally stable class of MOFs which offer a wide variety of tunable porous structures and morphologies in comparison to widely used nano porous carbon which requires inert gas environment and high temperature treatment for large scale production and is therefore hazardous and expensive. In this work, facile and one-step environmentally friendly synthetic routes will be investigated and implemented for tuning of ZIF-67 derived porous nanostructures as electrode materials for renewable energy storage applications. The structural properties of the developed novel materials will be investigated using RAMAN spectroscopy measurements and analysis. The porosity of the materials will be estimated using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analyzer. The variation in morphology, pore size and structure will be studied by analyzing the shift in Raman vibrational modes of the samples.
A Study on Downconversion Emission: a Possible Route to Enhance Solar Cell Efficiency
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2022) Muhammad Tahir Iqbal; SP20-RPH-002; Dr. Saif Ur Rehman; LHR TP 7678
In this work, the europium doped Zinc tellurite glass was prepared by using the melting quenching method. Raman spectroscopy observe the vibrational modes, three main characteristic Raman peaks at 432 cm-1, 667 cm-1 and 744 cm-1 observed in all the samples. PL spectroscopy defines the emission behavior of the material, maximum photoluminescence intensity was observed in the hypertensive transition 5D0 - 7F2, indicating that the strong chemical interaction between the Eu3+ ion in T2, and T3 sample. The performance of the p3ht-pcbm61 solar cell improves from 1.75% to 1.84 percent (approximately 6%), and to 1.78% when covered solar cell with Eu3+doped tellurite glass and Eu3+doped tellurite glass containing gold nanoparticles, respectively. Whereas, UV-Vis spectroscopy defines absorption behaviour of the material, calculated the band gap of prepared glass sample are 3.1eV, 2.3eV, and 2.7eV for T1, T2, and T3, respectively.
Acerbic Fluorescent Spectroscopy of Carbon dots for Biomedical Applications
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2020) FAZAL UL NISA; CIIT/SP19-RPH-007/LHR; Dr. Naima Amin; LHR TP 6370
Carbon nanodots are well known in biomedical aspects due to their novel fluorescent properties. Nitrogen based carbon nanodots has showed the great photoluminescence and increased fluorescence quantum yield. The pH in living cells is very important as a lot of physiological systems are working in our body to keep them within a specific range. A slight change in pH can cause imbalance in cell function and growth. There are many diseases, which are associated with pH change (acidic pH) such as cancer, tuberculosis, and infections. Hence, a sensitive and selective system is needed to monitor the pH in living cells. The composition of carbon nanodots with Polypropylene glycol and 1,4- benzenediamine showed better chemical stability, high biocompatibility, intense photoluminescence. Therefore, they can be used to evaluate pH detection in living cells. The purpose of this study is to produce nitrogen-based carbon nanodots that are susceptible to show photoluminescence properties and high quantum yield. NCDs were synthesized via Microwave assisted method which is a very facile and cost-effective technique. The synthesized carbon nanodots were then characterized by using FT-IR, AFM, UV-Vis and Fluorescence spectroscopy. FT-IR spectra confirmed the presence of carboxyl functional groups on the surface of carbon nanodots. AFM results indicates that the produced carbon nanodots are spherical and have diameter in the range of 1-5 nm. All these experiments confirm that synthesized carbon nanodots possess high photoluminescence, better quantum yield henceforward they can be used for pH detection and other biomedical applications
Advancing Breast Cancer Detection: Embedding Nanoparticles into Breast Phantoms for Diagnostic Applications
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) MISBAH ASHIQ; CUI/SP24-RPH-012/LHR; Dr. Naima Amin; LHR TP 10124
In this study, a single-layer homogeneous breast tumor phantom was developed to simulate the diagnostic properties of malignant breast tissue, with the aim of enhancing breast cancer detection and diagnostic accuracy. The tumor-mimicking phantom was fabricated using an optimized gelatin-based hydrogel, incorporating additives such as NaCl, PVA, glycerin, agar, ethanol, and PEG to reproduce the physical consistency and imaging characteristics of tumor tissue. Silver oxide (Ag₂O) and iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles were synthesized using controlled chemical methods and characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM to confirm their chemical composition, crystalline structure, and surface morphology, ensuring their suitability for diagnostic imaging applications. The nanoparticles were uniformly incorporated into the tumor phantom through a premixing approach, resulting in a homogeneous distribution that simulates nanoparticle-enhanced tumor tissue. The fabricated tumor phantoms were evaluated using computed tomography (CT) to assess their effectiveness in breast cancer detection. CT imaging demonstrated increased Hounsfield Unit values due to the high atomic number of silvers in Ag₂O nanoparticles, leading to enhanced X-ray attenuation, while MRI scans revealed clear signal suppression and contrast variation in Fe₃O₄- loaded phantoms owing to their superparamagnetic properties. The results confirm that the developed single-layer homogeneous tumor phantom provides a reliable and reproducible model for evaluating nanoparticle-assisted breast cancer detection and precise diagnosis, offering a simplified yet effective platform for imaging system calibration, contrast agent assessment, and preclinical diagnostic studies.
Al Doped ZnO Nanomaterial For Solar Cell Application
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Attiya Afzal; CIIT/SP21-RPH-027/LHR; Dr. Ishrat Sultana; LHR TP 9998
The energy problem is the most fascinating problem in this world because the way of success of every country is depending upon the development of low cast, well-ordered and high efficiency energy source devices. There are several research groups are working to develop the devices for renewable energy sources. So, we are going to focus our research on solar cells materials for renewable energy source like Zinc Oxide (ZnO). This material is highly useful for making the heterojunction solar cell as well as window layer. Other hand ZnO is used for 3rd generation/DSSC. In this direction we have synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles by low- cost co-precipitation method without any surfactants. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles have done the characterizations like X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) to evaluate shape, size, reproducibility and morphology of nanoparticles.
Alfven Instability in Charge Fluctuating Quantum Plasma
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2019) IQRA NAEEM; CIIT/fa17-RPH-062/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Jamil; LHR TP 5736
The interest of plasma researchers has been shifted towards quantum plasma due to its abundant occurrence in space. The physical processes of the common ion-electron plasma changes to a large scale due to highly charged dust particles. This field is fascinating for researchers due to wide range of waves and instabilities. Dusty magneto plasma with number of species like ions, electrons and dust particles which are highly charged is considered. The low frequency, long wavelength electromagnetic waves, viz., Shear Alfven waves in quantum dusty magneto plasmas, has been examined using quantum magneto hydrodynamic model. The time dependent charging effects on dust particles around its equilibrium charge are taken into account. A modiﬁed dispersion relation of the shear Alfven waves by the magnetized electrons and ions and unmagnetized dust is derived. The dispersion relation is then explained by graphical representation. The external magnetic ﬁeld and size of the dust particles have new physical effects over the propagation of such waves.
Alkaline Metal Coated Nanostructured Doped Ceria Electrolyte For Low Temperature SOFCs
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2024) Bushra Mumtaz; CIIT/FA22-RPH-017/LHR; Dr. Ghazanfar Abbas; LHR TP 9431
In this study, electrolyte was fabricated for solid oxide fuel cells. Alkaline (Ba, Ca, Sr) coated samarium doped ceria and gadolinium doped ceria electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cell was prepared successfully. All of these samples were prepared by co- precipitation method. These materials give better results and produce more oxygen ions vacancies which enhance the oxidation reduction reaction. The synthesized material characterized by using Raman Spectroscopy, Uv-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Raman spectra show vibration modes and the structure of materials particles. Raman analysis of samples was done from 700- 900 °C. These results showed the strong peak of cerium oxide in range of 450 to 470nm and the weak intense peak representing oxygen ion vacancies. It tells about which type of shifting occurring in prepared material. In all prepared materials, there is blue shifting and wavelength is decreasing which show that particles size is decreasing. In UV-Vis spectroscopy result demonstrated the band gap values which ranges from 1eV to 2.5eV. With the help of XRD compositions and structure was confirmed, which is found to be cubic. EIS tells about the ionic and electronic behavior of materials. EIS tells about ohmic resistance, polarization resistance and total resistance of the material. EIS tells about charge transfer and mass transfer in material. The conductivity of materials can be calculated with the help of EIS, which is found to be 0.005Scm-1 at 550°C.
An Efficient Energy Storage Electrode from Conversion of MOFs (Metal Organic Framework) to CNTs (Carbon Nanotubes) on Green Template
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2022) Sidra Zafar; CIIT/FA20-RPH-036/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 7993
The bulk energy density of wood chips may be between 40 and 50 percent that of solid wood. If wood chips are to be reliably utilized in combustion equipment, especially small-scale and residential equipment, they must meet an appropriate quality requirement. It continues to be the most significant renewable energy source today, contributing around 6% of the world's total primary energy output. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline porous organic- inorganic hybrid materials with a remarkably high interior surface area. Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical molecules made of sheets of single-layer carbon atoms that have been wrapped up (graphene).The in-situ growth of CNT’s under optimized set of conditions can be achieved by calcinations of Metal organic framework (MOF).The current synthesis will be done by hydrothermal and pyrolysis process. Deposition of MOF will be done by vacuum. The resulted Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be well aligned embedded with green template. MOF is converted into CNTs by using carbonization method. The composition of the sample was investigated by different characterization techniques such as Raman spectroscopy and functional group observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, while the electrochemical properties were studied by cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The Specific capacitance value is 1938.4207 Fg-1 show the enhancement of conductivity.
Analyses of HyperArc Treatment Planning for Single and Multiple Brain Metastases
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2021) AYESHA SARWAR; CUI/SP20-RPH-015/LHR; Dr. Naima Amin; LHR TP 7711
HyperArc treatment plan quality was evaluated by four dosimetric indices such as RTOG, Paddick CI, Gradient Index, and New CI. From the Comparison of calculated values of indices with standard values of the dosimetric plan of HyperArc, it is confirmed that HyperArc is an advance and precise technique to treat Brain cancer. Gradient Index value showed some minor deviation of dose to the expected value of dose in the surrounding areas. However, consequences of the penetration of dose are not crucial for human tissues. Our study concluded that HyperArc is the most advanced and safest technique to treat cancer. In this treatment planning, sensitive parts of the face are most probably saved from radiation. the HyperArc is better for the treatment of NPC patients as compared to IMRT and Rapid Arc because HyperArc is good in sparing OAR, and also its coverage is better.
Analysis of (p,xn) and (α,xn) Reactions on Cd and Ag Targets for Production of 110mIn and 111In
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 0210) Nabeela Mehwish; CIIT/SP19-RPH-032/LHR; Muhammad Naveed Aslam; LHR TP 6372
The objective of this thesis was to compile and calculate the excitation functions of nuclear reactions important for production of the two important radioisotopes indium 110m and indium-111. Both radionuclides have potential for diagnostic procedures. In the present work cross section data for reactions induced by proton and alpha particles on isotopes of cadmium and silver were critically assessed. At first the experimental data were scrutinized for consistency, then compared with the theoretical calculations using three nuclear model codes which are ALICE-IPPE, EMPIRE and TALYS. Nuclear model parameters were adjusted to obtain better agreement between theoretical and measured data. Finally, a recommendation is given regarding the optimum energy range for the desired radionuclide through each reaction.