Department of Physics
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Item Synthesis and Characterization of Metal and Natural Fibers Based Bendable Electrodes for Zinc Ion Battery Applications(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Sheeza Musarrat; CIIT/SP24-RPH-008/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 10121This study aims to address the inherent limitations of conventional zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) through the development of flexible and mechanically robust zinc-derived composite electrodes suitable for affordable, eco-friendly, and high-performance energy storage systems. Owing to their low cost, high safety, non-flammable aqueous electrolytes, environmental benignity, and high theoretical capacity, zinc-ion batteries have emerged as promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries for next-generation energy storage applications. Despite these advantages, the intrinsic brittleness and limited mechanical flexibility of zinc-based electrodes restrict their practical implementation in flexible, lightweight, and wearable devices. To overcome this challenge, current research efforts are directed toward reinforcing active materials with natural fibers(NF)/lignocelluloses (LC) to construct composite electrode architectures. This strategy preserves the favorable electrochemical characteristics of zinc while simultaneously imparting mechanical flexibility, structural integrity, and deformation tolerance. In this work, NF-reinforced composite electrodes with different doping were synthesized and optimized using co-precipitation process. The resulting NF-reinforced composite electrodes exhibited significantly improved mechanical robustness without sacrificing electrochemical performance, thereby advancing their suitability for flexible and wearable zinc-ion battery applications. Beyond demonstrating the feasibility of NF-integrated flexible ZIBs, this study also examines the effect of different doping on the structural and electrochemical properties offering a sustainable and scalable pathway for enhanced next- generation electrode manufacturing.Item Synthesis and Characterization of Ag Based Flexible Paper Electrode for Energy Storage Applications(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Ishmal Irfan; CIIT/SP24-RPH-010/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 10122The need for sustainable energy technology is fueled by the growing reliance on fossil fuels, which has resulted in significant environmental issues and resource depletion. Even though the use of renewable energy sources is growing quickly, reliable and effective energy storage systems are necessary for their successful implementation. Supercapacitors extended cycle life, high power density, and quick charge-discharge capability have made them attractive options. The creation of flexible and sustainable electrode materials by turning environmental trash into components with added value for energy storage applications is the main goal of this thesis. Co-precipitation was used to create silver oxide (Ag2O) nanoparticles, which demonstrated outstanding electrochemical performance, reaching a specific capacitance of 801 F·g⁻¹ at current densities close to 12 A·g⁻¹. A binder-free, three-dimensional, free- standing Ag-based flexible paper electrode was created by using natural fibers generated from banana peels as an inexpensive and renewable substrate for the direct development of Ag2O nanoparticles. The resultant LC/Ag2O composite electrode (1:1 ratio) showed outstanding cycle stability, low charge-transfer resistance, good rate capability, and a high specific capacitance of 623 F·g⁻¹. Ag2O was successfully formed and uniformly integrated inside the fibrous matrix, as validated by structural, morphological, optical, and chemical characterization utilizing XRD, Raman, UV-Vis, FTIR, and SEM. For next-generation flexible and wearable supercapacitor applications, the new flexible electrode architecture highlights a scalable and environmentally sustainable approach by providing effective ion transport and mechanical robustness.Item Development of Tungsten Sulfide Based Compact Paper Electrodes for Supercapacitor Application(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2024) Zubair Ashiq; CIIT/SP23-RPH-013/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 9634The increasing need for advanced energy storage devices has prompted research into novel electrode materials for supercapacitors. This work examines the advancement of miniature flexible electrodes composed of tungsten sulphide(WS2), a material recognized for its outstanding electrical conductivity, layered structure, and electrochemical stability. A WS2 composite was created and utilized to construct efficient electrode structures, capitalizing on its flexibility, lightweight characteristics, and economical materials. Thorough electrochemical assessments, including cyclic voltammetry, charge-discharge cycling, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, were performed to analyses the performance of these electrodes in terms of capacitance, energy density, power density, and cycle life. The WS2-coated flexible electrodes exhibited exceptional charge storage capacity, rapid ion transit, and improved durability, rendering them appropriate for high-performance supercapacitor applications. This study introduces an innovative method for utilizing WS2 in the creation of economical, versatile, and eco-friendly energy storage systems, suitable for wearable electronics, portable devices, and renewable energy technologies.Item Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Sulfide and Natural Fiber Based Flexible Composites for Energy StorageApplications(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2024) Waris Ali; CIIT/SP23-RPH-012/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 9633The growing global demand for energy has placed immense pressure on current energy sources, which are insufficient to sustain our modern way of living. To address this challenge, the development of efficient, flexible, and sustainable energy storage systems is essential for replacing nonrenewable energy sources. Among various materials, iron sulfides have emerged as promising candidates due to their industrial relevance and versatility in advanced applications, including energy storage, photovoltaics, sensors, catalysis, and electronics. Their widespread use is attributed to their abundance, cost- effectiveness, and impressive electrochemical performance. In this study, iron sulfide (FeS2) is synthesized using a microwave-assisted chemical method and co-precipitation technique, which offer significant advantages over traditional methods that often involve multiple synthesis steps, high-temperature treatments, or the use of hazardous and costly solvents. A novel, flexible paper electrode for supercapacitors is fabricated by combining FeS2 with corn fibers (lignocellulose), a natural, abundant, and renewable biomass material. Lignocellulose, consisting of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, is a fibrous, non-starchy material that holds great potential due to its sustainability and eco-friendly nature. The fabricated flexible paper electrode is characterized using various advanced techniques to evaluate its electrochemical properties, flexibility, and overall performance. The integration of natural biomass with iron sulfide provides a green, low-cost, and scalable approach to energy storage systems, positioning this technology as a promising solution for meeting future energy demands.Item An Efficient Energy Storage Electrode from Conversion of MOFs (Metal Organic Framework) to CNTs (Carbon Nanotubes) on Green Template(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2022) Sidra Zafar; CIIT/FA20-RPH-036/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 7993The bulk energy density of wood chips may be between 40 and 50 percent that of solid wood. If wood chips are to be reliably utilized in combustion equipment, especially small-scale and residential equipment, they must meet an appropriate quality requirement. It continues to be the most significant renewable energy source today, contributing around 6% of the world's total primary energy output. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline porous organic- inorganic hybrid materials with a remarkably high interior surface area. Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical molecules made of sheets of single-layer carbon atoms that have been wrapped up (graphene).The in-situ growth of CNT’s under optimized set of conditions can be achieved by calcinations of Metal organic framework (MOF).The current synthesis will be done by hydrothermal and pyrolysis process. Deposition of MOF will be done by vacuum. The resulted Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be well aligned embedded with green template. MOF is converted into CNTs by using carbonization method. The composition of the sample was investigated by different characterization techniques such as Raman spectroscopy and functional group observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, while the electrochemical properties were studied by cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The Specific capacitance value is 1938.4207 Fg-1 show the enhancement of conductivity.Item Electrodeposition of Metallic Nanoparticles on Flexible Tin Sulfide based Paper Electrodes for Energy Storage Application(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2021) Sadaf Manzoor; CIIT/SP20-RPH-060/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 7719This research aspires to have an unconventional and alternative source for flexible and bendable energy storage devices that has proved very useful to meet the demand of today’s energy crises. It is very interesting to use natural self-growing plant’s lignocellulose that are very abundant on earth and convert them in the form of paper-based electrodes. Fibers from papaya stem were taken and then dried, which were then treated in a solution to make flexible and smooth sheet. Addition of LC fiber makes the working electrode flexible, low cost and environmentally friendly for flexible energy storage applications. Tin sulphide (SnS) is a promising new material for use in several energy storage applications with a direct energy band gap of about 1.3 eV. Due to inherent rigid structure Tin sulfide cannot employ for modern flexible energy storage applications therefore, the composites of metal sulfides with the natural fibers will helpful to produce the flexible matrix for metal sulfides Poor conductivity of SnS/LC based flexible sheets were addresses by the electrodeposition of nanoparticles (i.e., MnS, Se-2) on fabricated sheets. The fabrication of Tin Sulfide based paper electrode results in boosting up the energy storage properties mainly its conductivity. Due to increment in energy storage properties, these electrodes have vast application in energy storage devices such as supercapacitors and sodium ion Batteries etc. These fabricated composites can be used further as flexible electrodes in energy storage applications because of enhanced electrochemical properties. Electrochemical cyclic voltammetry measurements were performed. CV results shows the at 100mvs materials with greater area under the curve has larger capacitance.Item Synthesis and Characterization of Selenide based Paper Electrode for Water Splitting Applications(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2022) Anam Pervez; CIIT/FA20-RPH-020/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 7982The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) of electrochemical water splitting play critical roles in energy conversion technology that converts renewable electricity to hydrogen fuel, and the proper catalysts are critical to efficient electrochemical water splitting. Because of their unusual layered structure, relatively narrow bandgap, unique shape, and inexpensive cost, transition metal selenides (TMSes) are potential electrocatalysts for both HER and OER. However, their electrocatalytic HER and OER properties, particularly catalytic activity and endurance at high charge densities in alkaline media, are still far from suitable for practical deployment. Although its catalytic activity has to be increased, two-dimensional MoSe2 has emerged as a promising electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). A microwave-assisted approach was used to produce MoSe2 nano powder. Many energy-related technologies rely on the development of improved electrocatalysts to enable efficient hydrogen evolution reactions via water splitting. Although the intermediate structure of individual components in the catalysts affects water splitting efficiency, its catalytic activity needs to be increased further. RAMAN spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and cyclic voltammetry are used to investigate the structural features. The electrochemical characteristics of TMSes are discussed and organised accordingly. TMS structural engineering and composition are summarised. Finally, the challenges and prospects confronting TMSes-based electrocatalysts in advanced HER, OER, and other applications are discussed.Item Development of Manganese based Flexible Electrodes for Zinc-Ion Battery Applications(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2021) Muhammad Sajjad; CIIT/SP19-RPH-017/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 7258In recent years, flexible and electrically rechargeable zinc-ion batteries have received considerable attention due to their low cost, lightweight nature, and high energy density. This concern is encouraging stunning research on flexible rechargeable zinc batteries. Due to the high energy density of zinc-ion batteries, researchers have tried to improve the mechanism behind a zinc electrode(anode: a separator and electrolyte, which can be used to make a battery that will charge the battery and the electrolyte that will charge the battery). Manganese based materials have gained attention due to their abundance, long life cycle, low cost, and high energy density. MnO2 nanorods can create flexible electrodes for applications in batteries. The preparation of progressive bifunctional electrocatalysts based on textile fiber to produce solid-state zinc-ion batteries will meet the future demands of flexible devices, including those that are already in use in the United States and other countries.Item Fabrication and Characterization of Zinc Sulfide and Natural Fibers Based Flexible Composite for Energy Storage Application(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2021) Muhammad Ansar; CIIT/SP19-RPH-018/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 7255Metal Sulfides are commonly employed as an electrode for energy storage applications due to versatile characteristics of high-power density and cycling stability in comparison of metal oxides. Among metal sulfides, zinc sulfide is promising due to facile synthesis and wide potential window. However, zinc sulfide based electrodes are limited to employ in modern bendable/flexible energy storage devices due to inherited rigid structure. Lignocelluloses (LC) fibers known as natural fibers can incorporate flexible matrix for zinc sulfide nanostructure to develop flexible and environmentally safe paper electrode for energy storage applications. Presented research shows successful fabrication of zinc sulfide nanostructure via facile microwave assisted method and developed bendable ZnS/LC composite paper sheets. Furthermore, fabricated composition sheet is successfully prepared and analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectroscopy, Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) characterizations for energy storage applications.Item Design and Development of Graphene Oxide Loaded Chitosan Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Regeneration(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2020) AMERAHA BINT E ISHFAQ; CIIT/SP19-RPH-005/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 6368Carbon-based nanomaterials (graphene oxide) are well known for their biomedical applications especially skin tissue regeneration, due to their potential to where they support angiogenesis, their good solution uptake ability, and antibacterial activities. The development of cost-effective chitosan-based materials that can support angiogenesis to tissue healing is highly desired to prepare advanced scaffolds using nanomaterials. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of prepared scaffolds to support angiogenesis towards tissue regeneration. Different composites of chitosan and graphene oxide were prepared by the freeze gelation method. During this process different low concentrations of graphene oxide in-situ in the chitosan solution stirred to get the homogenous solution. The synthesized composite scaffolds were then characterized for their structural, chemical and mechanicals analysis using FTIR and Tensile technique. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of chitosan functional groups in every scaffolds. Universal Fatigue testing results shows the tensile strength (MPa) and elongation at break (%) was increasing while increasing the concentration to the chitosan. All these experiments confirm that these membranes are suitable to use for tissue regeneration and wound healing applications.