Final Year Projects (FYPs) - Undergraduates
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repository.cuilahore.edu.pk/handle/123456789/43
This collection archives the complete set of theses produced by students of the COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus.
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Item Comparative Analysis on Building Integrated PV System in Pakistan By:(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2022) Muhammad Zohaib Waqar; , SP20-REE-011; Dr. Muhammad Yaqoob Javed; LHR TP 8074During the recent past years, the energy consumption throughout the whole country increases and unrenewable energy resources are exhausted. There is a need to introduce some other means of energy which will long lasting and can produce more energy. Renewable energy resources that are used to produce enormous amount of electricity are solar, hydral, wind and biomass energy. By 2020, the total installed capacity of energy in Pakistan is 34282 MW. Almost 2% of this energy generation is through PV and Wind. But due to current account deficit the import issue related to fuel is increasing day by day. There is a need to develop a cheap and self-sustained model related to energy generation in Pakistan. The population of Pakistan is approximately 230 million and now the culture of residential building is increasing in Pakistan. Due to which the energy demand is increasing rapidly as well. To fulfill those demands, the conventional source of energy is falling short day by day. So, the world is shifting towards the renewable source of energy and building integrated PV system is used for the purpose. Apparently in Pakistan, residential buildings are developing because of the rapid increase in population. So, to accommodate the people residential buildings are the most suitable. But it has the huge energy requirement that needs to fulfilled despite of the energy crisis in Pakistan. Therefore, Building Integrated PV system is used to install PV systems in these buildings to use renewable energy as a source to fulfill their energy requirements. In this research, PV integrated building of 133 KW Power will be analyzed and observed in Lahore. PV modules of 484 units, two invertors of almost 120 KW AC & power ratio of 1.109, batteries of 12 units having voltages of 1234 v and 3853 Ah will be used. In this grid connected building system plane is fixed and tilted at 90/6º, shading is linear and fixed load of 358 KW is observed. The total estimated production we need is to be 3132 MWh /Year. By analyzing the system, it is concluded that the total Produced Energy by the system is 118 MWh/ Year, total used energy is 3131.7 MWh/year. It is also concluded that Perf. Ratio PR is 76.74% and Solar Fraction SF is 3.83 %. Finally, the system is observed for both centralized systems and distributed systems to determine which system gives the most suitable and optimum outputs in different environmental conditions. Different environmental conditions like partial shading or uniform irradiance can be observed and the system can be designed accordingly. With the help of specific algorithms like DFO, P&O, INC and CS the outputs of the system can be deeply observed and the most suitable system can be designed according to the given condition to obtain the optimum outpuItem Efficient tracking of subatomic particles in the presence of multiple scattering in muon ionization cooling experiment(comsats university islamabad lahore campus, 2022) Tehreem Tariq; FA19-REE-005; Dr. Imran Ghous; LHR TP 7888Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE) is an experiment of high-energy physics. It is used to cool muon beams using ionization cooling. The target of MICE is to obtain a muon beam with reduced phase space. Particle detection inside the cooling chamber is important to gain insight into the process. It is a challenging task because millions of particles pass through the particle detectors, and it becomes further complicated due to the presence of multiple scattering. When particles pass through the detectors, multiple scattering occurs. Multiple scattering distorts the trajectories of particles. As a result, the position and momentum of particles change, and the non-linearity of the system increases. Track fitting algorithms are used for particle tracking in MICE. In the past, Kalman Filters (KFs) and Particle Filters (PFs) and their adaptations have been used for non-linear tracking in MICE experiments in the absence of multiple scattering. PF has been widely used in non-linear systems, but it was not used for non-linear non-Gaussian multiple scattering in MICE. Ignoring the multiple scattering or taking it as a Gaussian approximation, PF outperformed Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) and Unscented Particle Filter (UPF) when compared in terms of accuracy but was more computationally complex than UKF. UPF was more computationally complex than PF but solved the problem of particle degeneracy and shifted the particles to the regions of high likelihood. In this thesis, non-linear non-Gaussian multiple scattering is studied by using the filters, which perform well for non-linear non-Gaussian systems because multiple scattering is non-Gaussian in nature, whereas most of the filtering techniques are designed for Gaussian approximations. The effect of multiple scattering, in its true form, on performance the of MICE has not been studied before. This will be the contribution of this research. In this research, UKF, PF, and UPF are used to study the behavior of the system in the presence of non-Gaussian multiple scattering and to compare their effectiveness in terms of accuracy and computational complexity.Item Active Fault Tolerant Control Scheme For Dissimil(COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2018) Ghazala Mushtaq, FA16-REE-016 Contributor(s): Dr. Mirza Tariq Hamayun, Assistant Profesor [Supervisor]; LHR TP 7474The increasing demand of Fault Tolerant Control (FTC) schemes in research is due to reliability and safety needed in industrial systems, especially in life critical systems such as spacecraft, passenger aircrafts, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), nuclear and chemical plants. FTC is expected to deal with fault or failure while maintaining the stability and desired performance. It is classified as Passive Fault Tolerant Control (PFTC) and Active Fault Tolerant Control (AFTC). Dissimilar Redundant Actuating Systems (DRAS) are mostly used in modern aircrafts to improve the reliability by evading the Common Mode/Common Cause (CM/CC) failure issue of similar redundant actuating systems. DRAS consists of two actuators i.e. Hydraulic Actuator (HA) and Electro Hydraulic Actuators (EHA). The DRAS are operated in two different modes namely active/active (A/A) mode and Active/Passive (A/P) mode. In A/P mode, the HA actively involve controlling the concerned control surface while the EHA and control surface act as a load to HA while in A/A mode, both actuators are engaged in controlling the control surface at the same time resulting in a force fighting exist between them that can even damage the control surface if the actuators are not synchronized. A lot of research has been carried out on DRAS in different operating modes and a significant contribution has been made to improve its stability. This thesis is about an AFTC scheme for modern aircrafts equipped with DRAS in A/A mode to affirm the reliable actuation and efficient control. The dynamics of both actuators of DRAS are considered that gives the desired control surface deflection. The force fighting issue of actuators being in A/A mode, is also addressed in this research. The effect of fault or failure of HA on system performance is analyzed and an Integral Sliding Mode Controller (ISMC) is designed which together with Control Allocation scheme (CA) improves the system performance at different fault severity level.Item Performance Analysis Of Ant Colony Optimization(Publisher COMSATS University Islambad Lahore Campus, 2020) Syed Wajahat Raza Bukhari,; SP19-REE-006; Dr. Yaqoob Javed, Assistant Profesor [Supervisor]; LHR TP 7472From the past two decades the swift advancement in the field of power electronics, especially in photovoltaic (PV) power generation has led to the ever-increasing demand of highly efficient and robust power supplies. Thus Research & Development in this field has led to the use Switching Mode Power Supplies (SMPs). Thus, they provide minimal power losses which reduces the heat stresses on the system and enhances the power produced. Now the performance of power converter mainly depends on the control algorithm and the type of converter used. Each converter behaves differently under different shading conditions through the day. During the partial shading condition, we require such converter equipped with a fast-converging control algorithm that it senses the partial shading condition and tracks the maximum power point. Therefore, this research thesis represents an advance MPPT technique of Ant Colony Algorithm to optimize the maximum power tracked in minimum time. For this purpose, an ACO algorithm with optimal colony size was developed and tested on two advanced DC-DC converters for performance analysis which are Boost and SEPIC. Both converters were tested on three different conditions of solar irradiation to simulate a day response of converter. As each PV module daily receives different solar irradiation due to weather and shading conditions. Therefore, each converter with ACO was tested for Uniform Shading Condition, Partial Shading Condition and Extreme Partial Shading Conditions. Additionally, this thesis also represents a comparative performance analysis of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique and Perturb and Observe Technique on the same converters under same shading conditions. In the end a comprehensive conclusion based upon the results of simulation is made.Item To Design Hybrid AC-DC Droop Controller For Load(Publisher COMSATS University Islambad Lahore Campus, 2019) Ahsan Nadeem,; FA15-REE-001; Dr. Mirza Tariq Hamayun, Assistant Profesor [Supervisor]; LHR TP 6849In the 21st century there are several issues with the current electrical power system, such as production of green house gasses and losses (transmission line and conversion losses) that reduced the efficiency of power system. Currently, DC load demand of applications, such as telecom exchange networking system and electric vehicles (EVs) are increasing. In conventional power system, these loads are connected to main grid through converters. Moreover, diesel generators based backup solutions for telecom exchanges have several disadvantages, such as non-reliable starting of generator in cold weather conditions, maintenance of the generator, and exhaustive fumes. Furthermore, in recent times the use of EVs is increasing rapidly and now work place required to have own EV fast charging docking stations; therefore, in our simulation we consider the DC load of employees EVs along with the DC load of telecom exchange. A hybrid AC-DC micro-grid based on distributed generations is proposed as a suitable solution to reduce the multiple reverse conversions within the telecom exchange. For hybrid AC-DC micro-grid, we develop a droop controlled scheme that manage the power flow between AC and DC electrical networks by enforcing the normalized value of frequency equal to the normalized value of voltage of DC micro-grid. The controller provides, need based power sharing between AC and DC grids and enhance operational reliability of the network. The hybrid AC-DC micro-grid presented in this report is an effective solution to eliminate the excessive voltage conversion problem of telecom exchanges along with an efficient fast charging system for the EVs.Item An Efficient Solar Energy Harvesting Technique(Publisher COMSATS University Islambad Lahore Campus, 2020) Muhammad Annas Hafeez,; SP17-REE-006; Dr, Muhammad Yaqoob Javeed,From last few decades, Renewable energy sources are providing core role to fulfil energy demands. The need of producing energy in electrical form from everlasting energy sources arise due to fossils fuel’s reduction (coal, petroleum, natural gas etc.). Approximately 17% demand of the world’s energy is fulfilled through these everlasting sources. Energy through solar is considered the main source of energy among others renewable energy sources because of its pollution and noise free nature. Energy through solar is widely used to produce electricity by using photovoltaic cells. The inconsistent irradiance, temperature, and unexpected behaviour of weather effects the output of photovoltaic systems, classified as partial or complex partial shading conditions. Under these circumstances, obtaining the maximum output power from the PV system becomes strenuous. This thesis proposes a population-based optimization model, Harris Hawk’s Optimization (HHO) based on the natural inspiration to harvest maximum power under partial or complex partial shading conditions. It is an intelligent strategy, inspired by the surprise pounce chasing style of Harris Hawk. The proposed technique outperforms under different weather conditions, have less computational time, fast convergence speed, and zero oscillations after reaching a power point’s maximum limit. Performance comparison of HHO is made with conventional techniques such as, perturbs and observe (PandO), Incremental conductance (Inc), Bio-inspired particle swarm optimization (PSO), Adaptive cuckoo search optimization (ACS), Hybrid and Dragonfly (DA) algorithm. HHO achieves 99.4% efficiency on average and performs very well among rest of the competing techniques. Under HHO the oscillation is compact to < 1W & the re-tracking is tremendously effective. The results indicate in Table 4.3 shows the HHO algorithm outperforms other algorithms, with reference to fast tracking, convergence time, settling time, efficiency as well as stability under different weather conditions and can attain maximum power point with negligible oscillations, under partial and complex shading.Item Smart Energy Harvesting (SEH) Using Physical Exerc…(Publisher COMSATS University Islambad Lahore Campus, 2017) By: M.Usama Zafar , Zeeshan Khalid; , DDP-SP13-BEE-032 , DDP-SP13-BEE-047; Mr. Hasnain Kashif, Assistant Profesor [Supervisor]The Smart Energy Harvesting using physical exercising machines which are feasible enough to harvest power seems to generate a new source of renewable energy. Biomechanical energy harvesting constitutes a clean, portable energy alternative to the fossil fuels currently being used. Biomechanical energy harvesting is a novel approach for producing energy for small devices. The energy expended in a typical workout at the gym is usually wasted in the mechanics of the equipment. This project will harness the mechanical energy of the machine and convert it to electrical energy using a generator based system. The exercise equipment will be attached to a generator. This creates a dc voltage which will be fed into a DC-DC converter and then sent to a battery where it can be stored for future use. This proposed system will help consuming our physical energy in some useful way.Item Recovery Of Hydrogen From 5500 Nm3/Hr Ammonia(Publisher COMSATS University Islambad Lahore Campus, 2014) Muhammad Abdul Qyyum; FA10-BEC-041; Asim Laeeq Khan, Assistant Profesor [Supervisor]; LHR TP 5920Every atomic element ever in the history of the universe began as a H2 atom that had undergone nuclear fusion within a star. In other words, every one of us is a byproduct of H2. It is mainly used in the synthesis of nitric acid, which is used in fertilizers and explosives. There are many processes from which we can produce NH3 including Haber process, Cryogenic process, NH3 from natural gas, Electrolysis, Partial oxidation, Adiabatic reforming, Coal gasification. In this project, we have separate H2 from NH3 purge gas using Poly Sulfone Membrane Technology. In ammonia production, hydrogen and nitrogen are reacted at high pressure to form ammonia. Since the conversion per pass is not 100%, the reactor is operated in loop mode. In the processes, a purge stream from an ammonia synthesis loop, which purge stream contains NH3, is contacted at a super atmospheric pressure with the feed side of a separation membrane which exhibits selective permeation of each of hydrogen and ammonia as compared to the permeation of each of methane and argon. A total pressure differential across the membrane is maintained to provide a driving force for the permeation of H2 and NH3 through the membrane. A H2-rich permeating gas which contains ammonia is obtained on the permeate exit side of the membrane. TItem Modeling And Implementation Of Converter Based(Publisher COMSATS University Islambad Lahore Campus, 2019) M. Hussaan Khan , M. Zahab Rashid,; FA15-BTE-036 , FA15-BTE-052; Nisma Saleem, Assistant Profesor [Supervisor]; LHR TP 5887Reliability and cost-effectiveness are the main reasons behind the extensive use of induction machines in industry. However, major drawback of Induction machine is that they draw reactive power. Several techniques were adopted in past in order to improve the performance of Induction machine. In recent years, Rectifiers and Inverters were introduced and gained a lot of attention and helped in improving the Dynamic performance and Power Factor of an Induction machines. In this project, a Converter-based circuit is designed and attached with an Induction machine in order to explore the Dynamic performance and to improve the Power Factor of machine. A model is designed in SIMULINK and its performance is judged. Then an experiment is conducted by implementing the same model on induction machine. Different parameters are observed like efficiency, Power Factor and Dynamic performance of Induction machine (which includes starting, loading, load changing, capacitor voltage, rotor current, stator current and speed). However, simulated and experimental results should showcase an agreement. Moreover, the above-implemented technique is compared with previous Power Factor improvement techniques, which were adopted in past in order to improve the performance of Induction machinesItem Night Time Vision Based Traffic Management System(Publisher COMSATS University Islambad Lahore Campus, 2019) Waseem Ahmad , Bilal Yousaf , Muhammad Zeeshan Irf,; FA15-BTE-030 , FA15-BTE-041 , FA15-BTE-034; Mr. M Hassan Aslam, Assistant Profesor [Supervisor]; LHR TP 5884As there is sudden increase of traffic on road due to the utilization of personal cars. This sudden increase in traffic results in traffic congestion because traffic signal is working without any vehicle density calculations. The proposed system work on image processing techniques to solve this problem. It performs the calculation of vehicles during night time to overcome the traffic congestion. System performs the identification of vehicles and in this way control the traffic density. Objects are identified and counted using some image pre-processing and blob detection techniques. This suggests the requirement of an intelligent video closed-circuit television providing continuous 24–hour observation, replacing the standard ineffective systems. The proposed work can lead to an efficient signalling system and provides a basis of real time implementation of pc vision technology in real time. Moreover, the proposed work introduces new schemes to increase the efficiency of the traffic signalling system. This paper presents an automatic vision primarily based traffic management system that is capable to observe and track vehicles from a video. Simulation results have shown that the article Classification module manages to attain associate accuracy of 91.14% for vehicle detection. Moreover, the system manages to successfully track the objects 91% of the time below no occlusion and 91.14% in presence of occlusion.