Final Year Projects (FYPs)

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Dosimetric Parameter’s Measurement for Different Radiation Beams to Develop a Precise Treatment Plan of Radiation Therapy
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) ARZOO ASHRAF CUI/FA21-RPH-031/LHR; CUI/FA21-RPH-031/LHR; Dr. Naima Amin; LHR TP 8595
Radiation therapy is a form of high energy gamma rays which can destroy or prevent the spread of cancer. It has been long known that patients treated with ionizing radiation carry a risk of developing a second cancer in their lifetimes. Factors that contribute to the restate of cancer (or may be called second cancer) includes improved cancer survival rate by using high radiations as well as emerging treatment modalities. These modalities such as intensity-modulated radiation treatment (IMRT). They can potentially elevate secondary exposures to healthy tissues distant from the target volume. In this study, cancer is treated with high-energy radiations. To provide radiation to the organ, external beam radiotherapy is performed. The target volume has been selected is the pelvic organ. The surrounding tissues and OARs of the pelvic organs include the bladder, rectum, small bowl, and LT and RT femoral heads. As a result, the goal of this work is to evaluate and compute the impact of high energy photons on these pelvic surrounding tissues. By using radiation beams for constant half value layer (HVL) and field size we determine the PDD and observe the path of radiation. Also we have check the variation in different parameters for closed applicators and diaphragm limited. For this we calculated values for different depths and field size and observe the PDD. A high energy through linear accelerator is used to strike the target in cancer treatment. Thus Mathematical & biological model (LQM) is used as a tool to calculate the Biological Effective Dose (BED) and Biological Equivalent Dose (EQD2) with dose per fraction for different Organs at Risk (OAR’s) nearer to the pelvic. The LQ model is further examined in the context of tumor control probability (TCP) models. Then we use the Radiobiological considerations can be utilized in a variety of therapeutic settings, and all physicians should be aware of the potential advantages of incorporating a quantitative radiobiological approach into their practice. Moreover, the aim of this study is to provide an understanding of the principles and methods related to scattered doses in surrounding organs to check and optimize the dose plan in radiation therapy by summarizing a large collection of dosimetry and clinical studies.
Utilization of Photoluminescence for the Detection of pH Change in Biological Systems.
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) NASHRAH ARSHAD; CIIT/FA21-RPH-027/LHR; LHR TP 8593; Dr. Naima Amin
Carbon nanodots are well known in the biomedical industry due to their unique fluorescent characteristics. The photoluminescence and fluorescence quantum yield of nitrogen-based carbon nanodots are excellent. The pH in living cells is very important as a lot of physiological systems are working in our body to keep them within a specific range. As a light change in pH can cause imbalance in cell function and growth. There are many diseases, which are associated with pH change (acidic pH) such as cancer, tuberculosis, and infections. Hence, a sensitive and selective system is needed to monitor the pH in living cells. The composition of carbon nanodots with Polyethylene glycol and showed better chemical stability, high biocompatibility, intense photoluminescence. Therefore, they can be used to evaluate pH detection in living cells. The purpose of this study is to produce nitrogen-based carbon nanodots that are susceptible to photoluminescence properties and high quantum yield. NCDs were synthesized via the Hydrothermal method which is a very facile and cost-effective technique. The synthesised carbon nanodots were evaluated employing FT-IR, UV-Vis, and Fluorescence spectroscopy. Carboxyl functional groups were found to be present on the surface of carbon nanodots, according to FT-IR spectra. Particle size results indicate that the produced carbon nanodots are spherical and have diameters in the range of 255 d.nm. All these experiments confirm that synthesized carbon nanodots possess high photoluminescence, better quantum yield hence forward they can be used for pH detection and other biomedical applications

Final Year Projects (FYPs) - Undergraduates

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