Department of Electrical Engineering
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Item Performance Enhancement Of Maximum Power …(Publisher COMSATS University Islambad Lahore Campus, 2023) Muhammad Saqib Ashraf,; SP17-REE-022; Dr, Muhammad Yaqoob Javeed, Assistant Profesor [Supervisor]; LHR TP 6442The demand for electricity has been increased tremendously in the last decade due to the rapid increase in population and exponential growth. The main source of electricity is the conventional energy sources i.e., coal, petroleum and natural gas, etc. However, these non renewable energy sources are getting depleted quickly and putting adverse effects on the environment by the emission of greenhouse gases. Moreover, the current conventional energy system is also facing difficulties in fulfilling the electricity demands, due to increasing power outages, coal prices, and the amount of electricity wastage during transmission through the grids. Therefore, renewable energy sources i.e., solar energy, wind power, and hydroelectricity have been getting immense popularity in the world and they have very little effect on the environment. However, solar energy has numerous advantages over others. Therefore, researchers have been investigating various techniques to convert solar energy to electricity with maximum efficiency. One of the critical problems is the complex partial shading, this occurs when the clouds or any other object stops the light from hitting the panels and this results in two or more peaks that globalize the MPP and it becomes a nonlinear problem. To solve this problem, in this research work a hybrid technique based on Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Dragonfly Algorithm (DA) has been implemented to track maximum power point under both partial shading and complex partial shading scenarios. The simulations are done on Simulink MATLAB and different techniques i.e., P&O, DA, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) are compared with the purposed hybrid technique under four different irradiances i.e., uniform irradiance, partial shading 1, partial shading 2 and complex partial shading. In all cases, the results have been compared and it shows that the developed technique is superior to the compared techniques in terms of transient and power loss. Similarly, GMPP is tracked faster than any method compared with, because the P&O which works before DA reduces the search space and time to achieve GMPP as well.Item Wavelet Transform Based Sparse Code Multiple(Publisher COMSATS University Islambad Lahore Campus, 2020) Muhammad Sajid Sarwar,; SP17-REE-010; Dr. Amjad Hussain, Assistant Profesor; LHR TP 5633Fifth Generation (5G) of wireless communications that incorporates very high data rates, massive connectivity and very low latency can be fundamental part of 4th Industrial revolution. As far as, physical layer is concerned, Multiple Access (MA) techniques are significant in accommodating users on frequency and time resources for an efficient spectrum utilization, least Multi-Access Interference (MAI) and greater throughput. 5G is transforming user access techniques from orthogonal to non-orthogonal resource sharing methods. Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) technique is the transmission of superimposed signal of multi-users on shared frequency band simultaneously instead of utilizing separate frequency & time slot for each user. NOMA is categoried into Power Domain (PD) NOMA & Code Domain (CD) NOMA. Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA), a type of CD-NOMA that facilitates greater user connectivity for 5G. SCMA utilizes sparse resource allocation and non-orthogonal three dimensional codebooks to increase spectrum efficiency. Superimposed encoded data of all users employs a complex receiver such as Message Passing Algorithm (MPA) to extract user specific signal. In this research work, MAI for overloaded SCMA will be examined and different signal processing techniques will be employed to reduce it. Multi-Carrier (MC) communication techniques such as Fast Fourier Transformed Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (FFT-OFDM) combined with SCMA are analysed in literature and offers satisfactory performance for wireless communications. Recently proposed MC modulation schemes such as Wavelet Transformed OFDM (WT-OFDM) remained relatively unexplored with reference to SCMA. WT provides better decomposition & reconstruction as compared to FFT which is helpful for interference mitigation in a signal. Therefore, Wavelet Transform (WT) is expected to improve Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) for SCMA users. Simulation models of SCMA and MC-SCMA schemes are presented that utilize MPA receiver to decode data of all superimposed users and show that WT-SCMA is superior to FFT-SCMA in the context of BER performance. Analytical models are derived for SINR employing Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) to examine MAI for a particular user in the SCMA/MC-SCMA systems. SINR comparison shows that WT-SCMA outperforms FFT-SCMA.Item Photovoltaic Cell Health Assessment Using Image(Publisher COMSATS University Islambad Lahore Campus, 2021) Abdur Rahman,; FA17-REE-004; Dr. Ikramullah Khosa, Assistant ProfesorWith the beginning of 21st century, stimulation of improving energy efficient policies increased the public interest towards renewable energy especially solar energy through Photovoltaic Systems. It is because solar energy is noiseless and pollution free. This interest opened the research gate of achieving high optimal performance of these solar systems. In this work, classification of the PV cells with respect to health i.e. healthy or faulty is proposed. A dataset of 2624 images of PV modules (containing both healthy and faulty images) is used in this proposed work. Faulty PV cells contained shadow effect, cracked PV cells and dust contamination. The results of this work are obtained using three approaches. First approach includes extraction of hand crafted features from the original and augmented dataset and then training artificial neural network for binary and multi classification based on the extracted features of healthy and faulty solar panels. Second approach includes the transfer learning using pre-trained convolutional neural networks for the classification problem. Third approach includes the designing of customized convolutional neural network architectures to classify the PV cell dataset with respect to their health status. 94.12% accuracy for binary classification, 89.20% accuracy for binary classification with 0.5 threshold and 83.29% accuracy for multi classification is achieved as best results using the third approach.Item Financial Risk Assessment Based On Disaster Induce(Publisher COMSATS University Islambad Lahore Campus, 2021) Rafal Ali Sheikh,; FA17-REE-002; Dr. Mujtaba Jaffery, Assistant Profesor [Supervisor]The security, authenticity and protection of electric power framework is a major dilemma now-a days because it is not a single system many other systems are dependent on it. Severe weather conditions are badly effecting our power infrastructures causing billions of dollar of financial losses. Apart from the economic losses, power outages disrupt the lives of millions of people including industrial and commercial customers. United States has a huge power infrastructure and face many problems due to these disasters. The aim of this thesis is to assess the financial risk associated with disaster-induced power outages. These disasters include mostly severe weather events including hurricanes, thunder storm, wildfire, snowfall, heavy wind and winter storms. It is necessary to take precautionary measures to avoid huge losses and also save the humanity from disasters. The prediction of financial losses and the factors being involved for power outage events is important. To accomplish this task a detailed exploratory and statistical analysis is required to see the correlation between different key parameters. For this purpose a machine learning algorithm Random Forest is used on publicly available data set of the United States from 2000 2016, containing data of about 49 States and comprising of 51 different variables. Exploratory analysis is carried out to form a base for this research work. Random Forest is a useful classifier used both for classification and regression. In this algorithm predicted results are compared with actual output in order to find the error and accuracy. In this research random forest is used for the purpose of predicting the financial losses against each disaster category for the top 8 financially affected states of US. It has one more advantage of predicting the importance of the features being involved for the losses. For the evaluation of results three types of error are calculated including MAE, MAPE and RMSE. It was found that outage duration and customers affected have the highest importance for each disaster in parameters ranking, and the major losses are due to Hurricanes, thunders storm and winter storms.Item Health Assessment Of Human Knee Using Acoustic(Publisher COMSATS University Islambad Lahore Campus, 2023) Zeeshan Arif; SP19-REE-011; Dr, Khurram Ali, Assistant Profesor [Supervisor]Based on the analysis of 116 healthy and 116 osteoarthritic knees, this thesis details the discovery of knee Acoustic Emission (AE) as a helpful tool for the health assessment of the human knee. Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA) is a widely spread disease all over the world which arises because of damage to the joint cartilage and subchondral bone. The main factors, which increase KOA, are unhealthy lifestyle, injuries, and aging. Currently, diagnosis mainly depends on symptoms reported by patients and medical tests like X-rays and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Symptoms start to appear over a years. Current diagnosis methods have some limitations and approachability issues because of the heavy machinery required to perform these tests and the cost of the test is also the main factor that this disease is not identified on time. One of the major limitations is that these tests are carried out when the body is in a static position and doctors get no visualization of the knee performance in normal functional movement. In this research, we are purposing a cost-effective method to get the status of knee health in its normal functional movement by studying the AE produced during the movement of the knee. We tried to identify the presence of OA in the knee and also tried to figure out how we can suggest the severity of the disease by using AEs. Hardware was developed with the collaboration of LUMS hardware was capable to listen to the acoustic sounds from the knee. The hardware setup includes the piezoelectric sensor, piezo film lab amplifier, and NI-DAQ USB6009. The signal is acquired from the knee joint by attaching the piezoelectric sensor with the help of double-sided tape.Item Voltage And Frequency Regulation For Distribution(Publisher COMSATS University Islambad Lahore Campus, 2021) Muhammad Zubair; , SP17-REE-007; : Dr. Sobia Baig, Assistant Profesor [Supervisor]; LHR TP 5632Microgrids comprising the renewable energy resources are the new face of modern elec tricity infrastructure. These grids work autonomously, have their own control architecture and give support to the utility grid in case of any failure. Most of the energy resources in microgrids are renewable like solar, wind etc. These resources have an intermittent nature making the control architecture an essential tool for its better performance. The induction of excessive renewable resources in the utility grid causes serious stability problems as these resources have intermittent nature. Therefore, an efficient control system is the main priority in these types of grids. The control system that is designed for microgrids requires to control some important parameters like voltage and frequency, active/reactive power bal ancing, power flow etc. Regulation of voltage and frequency within its nominal values is the most important parameter that ensures the stability of microgrid. The disturbance in voltage and frequency occurs due to variation in both generation and load. A centralized control approach is adopted in this research work using classical PID con troller to tackle this problem of voltage and frequency regulation. An isolated microgrid model is integrated in a Simulink interface tool using solar, wind and battery as resources. The centralized PID controller is implemented on load bus bar of 0.4 KV. This PID con troller is then tuned with closed loop PID autotuner block in real time as load and gen eration of the isolated microgrid are not constant. A detailed comparison of simple PID and PID with autotuner block is done using the frequency and voltage response of both techniques in constant and varying load scenarios. Results and calculation of various pa rameters shows that the PID working with closed loop autotuner has better performance compared to the simple PID whose gains are calculated at the start using conventional technique like Ziegler-Nichols method. This is because the PID used with autotuner block has its gains updated by observing the real time response of the system whereas simple PID tries to tackle the constantly varying load conditions based on its initial gain values. The performance of control strategy is also observed using real site data of solar and wind for Nooriabad, a city of Sindh Province in PakistanItem Active Power Management Of Standalone DC Micro And(Publisher COMSATS University Islambad Lahore Campus, 2020) Tahir Riaz Sindhu; , FA16-REE-004; Dr. Muhammad Yaqoob Javed, Assistant Profesor; LHR TP 5629Standalone DC microgrids are emerging as an efficient solution for integrating renewable energy sources in remote and off-grid areas. Effective active power management is essential to ensure system stability, reliability, and optimal utilization of available resources. This paper presents a comprehensive approach to active power management in a standalone DC microgrid incorporating renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic systems, energy storage units, and varying load demands. The proposed control strategy dynamically balances power generation, storage, and consumption by prioritizing critical loads and maintaining DC bus voltage within acceptable limits. Advanced control techniques, including droop control and energy management algorithms, are implemented to enhance system performance under fluctuating conditions. Simulation results demonstrate improved power sharing, reduced energy losses, and enhanced system stability. The study highlights the importance of intelligent power management strategies in achieving sustainable and reliable standalone DC microgrid operation.Item Automatic Yogurt Filling And Packing Machine(COMSATS University Islambad Lahore Campus, 2020) Lala Iqbal Khokhar , Muhammad Ahmed Butt , Mubas,; FA15-EEE-006 , FA15-EEE-009 , FA15-EEE-012 , FA15-EEE-020; Ayesha Ali; LHR TP 5890This project deals with the automation of an industrial machine that involves filling and packaging of yogurt in plastic containers. The project reduces the food wastage and increases the hygiene by limiting human interaction with the processes involved. The automation is done by Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and interfaced through a Human Machine Interface (HMI) along with the application of sensors and actuators. At first the machine places two cups at a time into circular belt and starts the rotation of conveyor belt. Then, it passes cups under ultra-violet (UV) light to sterilize the cups. In the next stage desired amount of volume is filled in the containers which can be changed according to the cup size and an aluminum foil is placed on top of it which is then sealed with the help of the heater. The containers are then lifted up, pushed onto the linear conveyor belt next to the main belt and is passed under stamping process. The proposed design is capable of filling around 12000 containers of yogurt during 12 hours of working. In the same duration only 3000 to 3500 cups are produced if performed manually. The project is accurate in its operation for filling precise volume of yogurt such that error does not exceed 4.5% of the desired volume. The automation results in eliminating labor cost of around 70,000 rupees on this scale. The project delivered a safe and hygienic environment that can perform the task of filling and packing of the food that is more than three times of the manually performed similar task. The project produces precise results with the features of clean-in-place (CIP), a process of cleaning internal parts of pipes and containers without disassembly. One other feature is the emergency stop button that is designed to interrupt power supply to the machine. This emergency button is useful if there is a malfunction in the processes of machine regarding filling or some other mechanical faults. The project concludes efficient productivity in terms of cost and time.