Department of Physics
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Item Effect of CO-Solvent Mediated Metal Ion Linker on Morphology and Electrochemical Performance of GO/PANI Hybrid(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) ATIQA SHAHZAD; CIIT/FA21-RPH-033/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Ashfaq Ahmad; LHR TP 8772In this study, the morphology of the GO/PANI composites will be investigated as electrode materials for storage devices like batteries and supercapacitor by preparing the nanocomposites via wet chemical facile synthesis with an appropriate selection of co-solvents and a variety of metal ion cross linkers. The structural and morphological characterizations including Xray-diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) will be performed to gain an insight into structural and morphological properties of the nanostructures. Whereas the cyclic voltameter was performed to study the charge storage and capacitance mechanisms in the structures. In this project the GO/PANI composites were synthesized via facile wet chemical method by varying three different metal ion linkers ZnCl2, NaCl2 and LiI2. The effect of metal ion linker onto the structural properties of the synthesized composites were studied using XRD and Raman spectroscopy technique. The XRD results confirmed the synthesis of GO and PANI composite. The broad peaks of (113) and (002) plane of PANI and GO shows the amorphous behavior of the synthesized composite. The crystallite size and interplanar spacing of the composites were estimated using Scherrer formula and Bragg’s equations. The estimated crystallite size for (113) and (002) plane of PANI and GO are 2.50nm, 5.60nm, 6.00nm and 2.00nm, 2.23nm, 2.50nm respectively. The estimated interplanar spacing for (113) and (002) plane of PANI and GO are 0.49nm, 0.43nm, 0.44nm and 0.39nm, 0.38nm, 0.37nm respectively. The Raman spectroscopy shows the characteristic vibrational modes of GO and PANI in pure and composite samplesItem Oxygen Transport Properties and Electrochemical Characterization of perovskites' Based Sr-PrxFel-x/ Sr-XuxFel-x Cathode Material Fuel Cell(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) Raja Rehman; CIIT/FA21-RPH-008/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Ajmal Khan; LHR TP 8590Humans require energy in the modern world. Energy must thus be taken into consideration if life is to continue [1]. In the current state of our everyday life, energy consumption is increasing daily. Every country needs energy to be prosperous [2]. The availability of energy determines a country's capacity for economic development. The world is dealing with several energy-related issues, and as population grows, so does energy demand [3]. Both the exponential rise in technology and the exponential expansion in people are to blame for the increase in energy usage. These days, we utilize energy in a variety of ways, including for systems in homes, companies, and industries as well as for communication, transportation, and other purposes. Fig (1.1) illustrates the annual global energy consumptioItem Silicon Carbide Core and Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt Ferric Oxide as Shell Based Anode Material(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) Anum Aslam; CIIT/FA21-RPH-002/LHR; Dr. Farah AlviHuman life is derived by the energy. With an expanding world population, economic growth, and technological advancement, the need for energy is rapidly rising. It is anticipated that the rise in the world's energy demand will be dramatic in the next years. With the advancement of industrialization, the pace of fossil fuel use expanded quickly, providing cheap and consistent energy to power the rapid rise of Western economies, most notably [1]. However, some experts questioned if fossil fuels actually aided in the evolution of the world. There are undoubtedly some advantages to using fossil fuels, including affordable energy, energy security, opportunities for employment, foreign exchange, and geopolitical power. However, there are also some drawbacks [2]. The two major problems associated with fossil fuels in the twenty-first century have been resource shortage and environmental deterioration. Global climate change, environmental externalities, ozone non-attainment, air toxins, solid waste disposal, and other environmental issues are among the issues that need to be addressed [3]. Due to the finite nature of fossil fuels and their unequal distribution throughout the planet, the problem of resource scarcity develops [4]. Further difficulties are brought about by energy geopolitics, which has been more prevalent among the major nations in recent years. The global energy system is currently dependent on fossil fuels, but country-by-country levels of dependence range from 32.1% to 100%.Item Multicomponent Photoluminescence Emission Tuning in CoS/Se core-shell Quantum Dot Thin Films for Light Emitting Applications(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) Moheem Arbab; CUI/FA21-RPH-028/LHR; Dr. Samia Aslam; LHR TP 8594In this work, novel sulfide-based chalcogenide core-shell quantum confined structures Cobalt Sulfide/Selenide (CoS/Se) will be synthesized by a facile wet chemical route and will be deposited onto conducting oxide-coated glass substrates as thin films via spin coating technique. Depending on temperature and reaction time, the hot injection method will synthesize the core-shell structure. The QD dispersions will then be deposited onto conducting oxide-coated glass substrates (FTO) under variant deposition conditions such as varying the number of deposition cycles. RAMAN spectroscopy is used to study the vibrational modes, identify structures, and detect oxygen-related defects. The Raman analysis clearly shows the dominant Raman modes of CoSe. The PL spectra show the emission of CoS, CoSe, and CoS/CoSe in the visible region. The band samples' band gaps, particle sizes, and Urbach energies were timed by analyzing absorbance spectroscopy (UV- VIS Spectroscopy) measurements. The ellipsometry measurements were done to study the refractive index, extinction coefficient, and transmittance of different layered spin-coated thin films of CoS/CoSe core/shell QDs. These FTOs don’t behave as a polarizer. The synthesized CoS/CoSe Core/ shell QDs can be the potential candidate for optoelectronics devices.Item Dosimetric Parameter’s Measurement for Different Radiation Beams to Develop a Precise Treatment Plan of Radiation Therapy(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) ARZOO ASHRAF CUI/FA21-RPH-031/LHR; CUI/FA21-RPH-031/LHR; Dr. Naima Amin; LHR TP 8595Radiation therapy is a form of high energy gamma rays which can destroy or prevent the spread of cancer. It has been long known that patients treated with ionizing radiation carry a risk of developing a second cancer in their lifetimes. Factors that contribute to the restate of cancer (or may be called second cancer) includes improved cancer survival rate by using high radiations as well as emerging treatment modalities. These modalities such as intensity-modulated radiation treatment (IMRT). They can potentially elevate secondary exposures to healthy tissues distant from the target volume. In this study, cancer is treated with high-energy radiations. To provide radiation to the organ, external beam radiotherapy is performed. The target volume has been selected is the pelvic organ. The surrounding tissues and OARs of the pelvic organs include the bladder, rectum, small bowl, and LT and RT femoral heads. As a result, the goal of this work is to evaluate and compute the impact of high energy photons on these pelvic surrounding tissues. By using radiation beams for constant half value layer (HVL) and field size we determine the PDD and observe the path of radiation. Also we have check the variation in different parameters for closed applicators and diaphragm limited. For this we calculated values for different depths and field size and observe the PDD. A high energy through linear accelerator is used to strike the target in cancer treatment. Thus Mathematical & biological model (LQM) is used as a tool to calculate the Biological Effective Dose (BED) and Biological Equivalent Dose (EQD2) with dose per fraction for different Organs at Risk (OAR’s) nearer to the pelvic. The LQ model is further examined in the context of tumor control probability (TCP) models. Then we use the Radiobiological considerations can be utilized in a variety of therapeutic settings, and all physicians should be aware of the potential advantages of incorporating a quantitative radiobiological approach into their practice. Moreover, the aim of this study is to provide an understanding of the principles and methods related to scattered doses in surrounding organs to check and optimize the dose plan in radiation therapy by summarizing a large collection of dosimetry and clinical studies.Item Insight into Metal Oxides FexMn1-xO-SDC as an Oxygen Carrier for Fuels Cells and Chemical Looping(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) ASMAA SAEED; CIIT/FA21-RPH-001/LHR; Dr. Ghazanfar Abbas; LHR TP 8587Due to the rise in energy demand, the globe is moving closer and closer to a serious power crisis [1]. Due to its expanding population and weak long-term planning for its energy-based infrastructure, Pakistan is currently experiencing its biggest energy crisis [2,3]. The installation of thermal power plants has largely served as the focus for short-term solutions [2]. Fossil fuels are imported into Pakistan for usage in thermal power plants, which use them to generate electricity. Energy generated from imported fuel is an incredibly costly solution for a growing country like Pakistan [4]. Nuclear power facilities have also been built; however, they have limited capacity [5]. The potential environmental risk posed by these thermal power facilities is also disregarded. Pakistan's primary energy production sources are oil (35.20%), hydel (29.90%), natural gas (29.00%), nuclear energy (5.70%), and imported energy. The average annual energy consumption in Pakistan is 17,000 MW, while there is now a 400–5000 MW shortage. It is expected that within the next ten years the demand for energy might increase by 4-5%, or around 1500 MW [6]. It is not environmentally good to use fossil fuels, especially carbon, to generate electricity. On the other hand, environmentally friendly renewable energy sources provide a more affordable solution as shown in fig. 1.1 [7, 8]. With the utilization of renewable energy sources, Pakistan must overcome problems in its energy planning [9]. Therefore, in addition to concentrating on these standard energy sources, fuel cell (FC) technology should be used to investigate non-traditional energy sources such as solar, hydrogen, geothermal, wind, tidal power, and biomass [10, 11]. No other energy generating method can compare to the advantages provided by FC technology [12].Item Sol-gel Synthesis of Mn-substituted Cupper Ferrite (MnxCu1-x Fe2O4, x=0, 0.33, 0.67, 1.00) Nano Particles as Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries.(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) Hamid Yaseen; CIIT/FA21-RPH-026/LHR; Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad; LHR TP 8584Mn substituted Cupper ferrites (MnxCu1-x Fe2O4, x=0, 0.33, 0.67, 1.00) have been synthesized from metal nitrates and citric acid by sol-gel method (chemical process). This study aims to know the effects of Mn substitution on structural, magnetic and electrochemical properties of Cupper ferrites. For characterizing the prepared ferrites, different techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used. In addition, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) is used for investigation of magnetic properties such as saturation magnetization (Ms), residual magnetism (Mr) and coercive force (Hc). A single phase spinal structure was confirmed by XRD and lattice parameter was increased from 8.36 Å to 8.52 Å with increasing Mn contents. Micro-graphs of SEM show that nanoparticles are agglomerated and non-uniform in size. The FTIR spectrum shows that the absorption band of the octahedral B-site is at about 1422 cm-1 to 1434 cm-1. For pure cupper ferrite, band is shifted towards higher frequency by manganese content. CV results show that with increase in scan rate, specific capacitance decreases so the area of loop increases which clearly means that the investigated material is best for storage devices such as lithium ion batteries (LIBs).Item Investigation of NiO/Potato Peels Nanocomposite Prepared through Hydrothermal Method(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) AYESHA ANJUM; CIIT/FA21-RPH-025/LHR; Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad; LHR TP 8592One of the most important problems in the world today is the fluoride pollution of the surrounding waters due to activities and anthropogenic activities. Due to their high catalytic activity and large surface area, ferrite nanoparticles have gained interest in wastewater treatment. Synthesis of NiO/Potato Peels Nanocomposites using a hydrothermal process to remove fluoride from drinking water is exported in the present study. Various tests such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are used to identify the structure and morphology of the composite. The XRD results identified a single-phase structure with lattice parameters ranging from 8.38Å to 8.33Å. Agglomerated and heterogeneous-sized nanoparticles are seen in SEM micrographs. FTIR depicts the ranges of NiO within the repetitiveness range of 400–4000 cm-1. These incorporation bands, situated at 665 cm-1 and 543 cm-1, pertain to the extended shaking modes of the tetrahedral ore-oxygen bond and the octahedral ore- oxygen bond, individually.Item Pattern Recognition and Deep Learning Models for Cancer Detection(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) Mishal Tahir; CIIT\FA21-RPH-020/LHR; Dr. Naima Amin; LHR TP 8591Cancer, a leading cause of death worldwide, poses challenges due to late-stage detection and inaccurate imaging techniques. Precise and effective screening is crucial for early detection and treatment. Various low-cost and accurate imaging techniques are used, but difficulties arise when experts struggle to interpret certain image areas, leading to missed cancer diagnoses. To address this, computer-based software utilizing deep learning models and algorithms has been developed. Traditional approaches have evolved into computerized tools that analyze, diagnose, and predict symptoms. This study conducted a comparative analysis of three detection models of different frameworks for binary and multi-class image classification using image processing techniques. Despite their distinct inputs, model network architecture Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). The data were split into sets: training, validation, and testing, and the evaluation involved learning curves of training and validation loss and accuracy as well as a comparison of training, validation, and test accuracies to check the model performances. The results showed the accuracy of all models of predicting unknown images of cancerous or non-cancerous. The Difference in input data and model learning rate could be the reason for variation in test results. Computer language, python, and the platform, Pycharm IDE have been used for tasks performed.Item A First-principles Study of Phonon Lattice Thermal Conductivity of Sulvanite Compounds(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) Misbah Ullah Khan; CIIT/FA21-RPH-010/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Ashfaq Ahmed; LHR TP 8583Density functional theory is used to study sulvanite compound(VCu3S4) both the cubic and tetragonal phase. The lattice parameter in case of tetragonal phase is as following, 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 5.3096 while the ratio of 𝑐 ⁄𝑎 = 1.05 which shows that 𝑐 = 5.5750 under relax calculation. While in case of cubic 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 == 5.4642. both phases are first optimized and found the minimum energy at these values of the lattice vectors. Both the phases are observed to have indirect band gap and the band gap is found to be 1.88eV for tetragonal phase and 1.01eV eV for cubic phase. Partial density of state and total density of state are also studied which provide further confirmation of the band gap and other electronic properties of the material. Boltztrap code is used to investigate the thermoelectric properties of both the phases of the material (cubic and tetragonal phase). We determined the ZT values, for cubic phase the highest ZT value achieved at CBM is 0.75 at 500K temperature and at VBM the highest value is 0.73 at 800K. while in case of tetragonal phase the highest ZT achieved at CBM is 0.85 at 1200K temperature and at VBM the highest ZT value is 0.8 at 1100K temperature. The values of ZT shows that the material is good for thermoelectric purposes. Also, the novelty of this manuscript is the study of the tetragonal phase of the material, which looks good regards to the ZT value.