Department of Physics
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Item Synthesis and Investigation of NiFe2O4 with Orange Peel Composite Synthesized through Hydrothermal Method(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2024) Azhar Saleem; CIIT/SP23-RPH-019/LHR; Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad; LHR TP 9639In this work, nickel ferrite and orange peel extract were combined to create a composite using the hydrothermal technique. Its efficacy in lowering fluoride levels in fluoridated water was the main objective. The crystal structure, phase identification, and chemical bonding properties were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. According to XRD measurements, the generated ferrite exhibits a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure in a single phase with no impurities in the sample. Because orange peel extract is amorphous, adding it has no effect on the crystal structure. The values of the structural parameters closely resemble those of the same structure that have been previously published. The FTIR data shows that the generated ferrite is evidently spinel and has noticeable stretching and vibrational peaks that are brought on by the compound's many molecules. According to the observed parameters, the produced composite may be used to a number of situations, including defluoridating water. A natural water body has been treated with the generated material to evaluate the effects of pH, duration of contact, quantity of adsorbent and initial fluoride concentration.Item Investigation of Nickel Substituted Magnesium Ferrites (NixMg1-xFe2O4, x = 0.0, 0.33, 0.67, 1.0) Prepared by Hydrothermal Technique(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2022) Zeenat Jabeen; CIIT/FA20-RPH-002/LHR; Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad; LHR TP 8348Nickel substituted magnesium ferrites (NixMg1-xFe2O4) were prepared by hydrothermal technique to examine the effect of nickel substitution on the structural, magnetic and electrochemical properties of these materials. The samples were characterized using X ray diffraction, Fourier Transmission Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman, Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and VSM techniques. XRD diffraction indicated a single-phase spinal structure, and the lattice parameter was lowered from 8.40 Å to 8.33 Å. It was found that the Raman mode for pure magnesium ferrite was 140cm-1, and this mode decreased in frequency as the Ni concentration increased because the ionic radius of Ni is smaller than that of magnesium. Using FTIR, observed that the absorption band at the octahedral site of pure magnesium ferrite is 601cm-1, and that this band changed toward smaller frequencies when Ni concentration increased due to the increasing bond length. Analyzing the electrochemical kinetics of the synthesized sample was made possible according to cyclic voltammetry. With an increase in scan rate, the specific capacitance decreases and the loop size grows, according to results from CV. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to measure the grain size and exterior surface morphology of the produced ferrites. The saturation magnetization and magnetic moment of magnesium ferrites increase as the Ni concentration increases according to M-H loop.Item Nickel Substituted Manganese Oxide and Graphene Oxide Composite (NixMn1-xO/GO) as Anode Material for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) Afshan Tasleem; SP21-RPH-008; Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad; LHR TP 8586Lithium- ion batteries have come decreasingly popular in recent times due to their high energy viscosity and long cycle life. still, the demand for advanced energy viscosity and briskly charging times has led to a need for new and advanced electrode accoutrements . In this study, we probe a compound material of nickel- substituted manganese oxide and graphene oxide as a implicit seeker for high- performance lithium- ion batteries. The compound material was synthesized using a simple hydrothermal system and characterized using X-ray diffraction( XRD), surveying electron microscopy( SEM), RAMAN spectroscopy, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy( EDX), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy( FTIR) and Cyclic Voltammetry( CV). XRD results verified the single phase boxy structure of the material and also confirm the successful doping of Ni to manganese oxide and graphene oxide compound. SEM results showed that the compound material had a well- defined liquid structure and a invariant flyspeck size distribution. EDX analysis also verified the successful negotiation with no other contaminations. FTIR analysis showed the immersion band of tetrahedral and octahedral spots at 658cm- 1 and 543cm- 1 independently for manganese oxide and shifted towards lower frequency for other samples. Electrochemical tests were performed on the compound material using coin cells, and the results showed bettered electrochemical performance compared to pure manganese oxide. The compound material displayed a advanced specific capacity of787.76 F/ g. The bettered electrochemical performance of the compound material can be attributed to several factors. The presence of nickel in the compound material helps to ameliorate the conductivity and enhances the structural stability of the electrode material. The graphene oxide, on the other hand, helps to ameliorate the electrode/ electrolyte interface and provides fresh active spots for lithium- ion insertion. The results demonstrate that the nickel- substituted manganese oxide and graphene oxide compound material has great eventuality for use in high- performance lithium- ion batteries.Item Sol-gel Synthesis of Mn-substituted Cupper Ferrite (MnxCu1-x Fe2O4, x=0, 0.33, 0.67, 1.00) Nano Particles as Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries.(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) Hamid Yaseen; CIIT/FA21-RPH-026/LHR; Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad; LHR TP 8584Mn substituted Cupper ferrites (MnxCu1-x Fe2O4, x=0, 0.33, 0.67, 1.00) have been synthesized from metal nitrates and citric acid by sol-gel method (chemical process). This study aims to know the effects of Mn substitution on structural, magnetic and electrochemical properties of Cupper ferrites. For characterizing the prepared ferrites, different techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used. In addition, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) is used for investigation of magnetic properties such as saturation magnetization (Ms), residual magnetism (Mr) and coercive force (Hc). A single phase spinal structure was confirmed by XRD and lattice parameter was increased from 8.36 Å to 8.52 Å with increasing Mn contents. Micro-graphs of SEM show that nanoparticles are agglomerated and non-uniform in size. The FTIR spectrum shows that the absorption band of the octahedral B-site is at about 1422 cm-1 to 1434 cm-1. For pure cupper ferrite, band is shifted towards higher frequency by manganese content. CV results show that with increase in scan rate, specific capacitance decreases so the area of loop increases which clearly means that the investigated material is best for storage devices such as lithium ion batteries (LIBs).Item Investigation of NiO/Potato Peels Nanocomposite Prepared through Hydrothermal Method(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) AYESHA ANJUM; CIIT/FA21-RPH-025/LHR; Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad; LHR TP 8592One of the most important problems in the world today is the fluoride pollution of the surrounding waters due to activities and anthropogenic activities. Due to their high catalytic activity and large surface area, ferrite nanoparticles have gained interest in wastewater treatment. Synthesis of NiO/Potato Peels Nanocomposites using a hydrothermal process to remove fluoride from drinking water is exported in the present study. Various tests such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are used to identify the structure and morphology of the composite. The XRD results identified a single-phase structure with lattice parameters ranging from 8.38Å to 8.33Å. Agglomerated and heterogeneous-sized nanoparticles are seen in SEM micrographs. FTIR depicts the ranges of NiO within the repetitiveness range of 400–4000 cm-1. These incorporation bands, situated at 665 cm-1 and 543 cm-1, pertain to the extended shaking modes of the tetrahedral ore-oxygen bond and the octahedral ore- oxygen bond, individually.Item Study of Structure, Morphology, and Adsorption Properties of Ni0.2Zn0.8Fe2O4/GO Composite Prepared by Hydrothermal Method.(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) AFAQ ARSHAD; CUI/FA21-RPH-029/LHR; Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad; LHR TP 8585Environmental degradation, particularly water contamination, is causing more and more serious issues with human health today. Fluoride ions and heavy metals are the main sources of water pollution. In the current study, an in-situ approach was used to generate a Ni0.2Zn0.8Fe2O4/GO nanocomposite that was examined for its ability to remove fluoride ions from water. Different techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), are used to characterize the produced nanocomposite. The produced ferrite reveals a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure in a single-phase spinal structure with no impurities in the sample, according to XRD data. The agglomerated and variably sized nanoparticles were observed in SEM micrographs. For Nickel zinc ferrite, the FTIR spectra indicate the absorption band of the octahedral and tetrahedral sites. A fluoride sensor was used in the nano synthesis lab to measure the amount of fluoride in the drinking water. The elimination of fluoride was conducted at various time intervals and in the pH range from 3 to 11. Finally, these ferrites have been employed to remove fluoride ions from several drinking water sources in Lahore, and the results have been excellent.Item Magnesium Ferrite/Rice Husk Composite: The Study of Structural, Magnetic and Physical Properties(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2022) Iqra Akhtar; CIIT/SP21-RPH-031/LHR; Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad; LHR TP 8170In this study, the Sol-Gel process was used to produce a composite from rice husk and magnesium ferrite. The aim was to see how effective it was at reducing fluoride from fluoridated water. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and RAMAN Spectroscopy were each used to assess the crystal structure, phase identification and chemical bonding characteristics, respectively. The produced ferrite reveals a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure in a single phase with no impurities in the sample, according to XRD data. The crystal structure is unaffected by the addition of rice husk due to its amorphous nature. The structural parameter values closely match with those previously reported for the identical structure. The produced ferrite is clearly spinel, according to the FTIR data, and has distinct stretching and vibrational peaks that are caused by the presence of several molecules in the compound. The measured parameters indicate that the manufactured composite may be used in a variety of contexts, such as water defluoridation. The manufactured material has been applied to a real water body for this purpose in order to evaluate the effects of pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and initial fluoride content in the water. Finally, these ferrites have been employed to remove fluoride ions from several drinking water sources in Lahore, and the results have been excellentItem Synthesis of Zinc Ferrites and Carbon Dots Composite by Coprecipitation Method and Insight into the Physical Properties(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2021) M. Qamar Jahan; CIIT/FA19-RPH-022/LHR; Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad; LHR TP 7674Magnetic core-shell (zinc ferrites/c-dots composite are properly synthesized under this research using a simple co- precipitation and hydrothermal process. Various approaches are used to investigate zinc ferrites and carbon dots composites like X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). XRD diffraction demonstrated an inverse spinel structure of zinc ferrites; the lattice parameter was decreased from 8.19Å to 8.10Å and carbon dots having rods like structure. This provided excellent chemical stability for about 40 hours. From SEM analysis, the composite seem to be uniformly dispersed or coated using low contrast consecutive c- dots layers to produce a core-shell structure. Zinc ferrites are agglomerated in non- uniform in size, whereas carbon dots and its composites are in uniform shape according to SEM image. The EDX study indicated that the substitution was successful. For zinc ferrites, carbon dots and composite the FTIR spectra showed that the absorption band of the tetrahedral site is now around 654 cm -1 , 795cm -1 , 658cm -1 respectively. Different bonds in the infrared spectrum match to specific function groups and bonding in various chemicals. The magnetic characterizations were investigated using a vibration sample magnetometer (VSM) at room temperature (0 , and the results indicate that sample Zinc Ferrites/Carbon dots displays ferrimagnetic behavior.Item Hydrothermal Synthesis of MnLaxFe2-xO4 x = (0.0, 0.1, 0.2) Structural, Morphological and Magnetic Characteristics(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2021) Muhammad Hamza; CIIT/SP20-RPH-037/LHR; Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad; LHR TP 7692Hydrothermal method was used for the preparation of lanthanum substituted manganese ferrites (MnLaxFe2-xO4, x= 0.0, 0.1, 0.2) to study the effect of substitution on structural, morphological and magnetic characteristics. Experimental characterizations such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDX), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and two probe technique were used to characterize the samples. A single-phase spinal structure was confirmed by XRD and lattice parameter was increased from 8.40 Å to 8.51 Å. SEM micrographs showed nanoparticles are agglomerated and are non-uniform in size. EDX analysis confirmed that substitution has been successfully achieved. The Raman spectra confirmed that the Raman mode is around 142cm-1 for pure manganese ferrite and this Raman mode shifted towards lower frequency with increasing the La content. The FTIR spectrum revealed that the absorption band of octahedral site is around 650 cm-1 for pure manganese ferrite and this band shifted towards lower frequency with increasing the La content because substitution of La increases the bond length. The M-H loops justified that substitution of nonmagnetic La+3 (0μB ) has decreased the saturation magnetization (Ms) and decreased the coercivity (Hc). The substitution of La increased the resistivity of the manganese ferrite which will make the material suitable for high frequency applications where low eddy current losses are desirableItem Synthesis of Aluminum Substituted Nickel Ferrites via Hydrothermal Method and Investigation of Structural, Electrical and Magnetic Characteristics(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2021) Shahid Hassan; CIIT/FA19-RPH-020/LHR; Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad; LHR TP 7247Hydrothermal method was used for the preparation of Aluminum substituted Nickel ferrites (NiAlxFe2-xO4, x= 0.0, 0.1, 0.2) to study the effect of substitution of Al on structural, magnetic and electrical properties of Nickel ferrite. X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron microscopy, Energy Dispersive spectrum, Fourier Transmission Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and Two Probe technique was used to characterize the samples. A single phase spinal structure was confirmed by XRD diffraction and lattice parameter was reduced from 8.40 Å to 8.25 Å.SEM micrographs showed nanoparticles are agglomerated and are non-uniform in size.EDX analysis confirmed that substitution has been successfully achieved. The FTIR spectrum revealed the absorption band of octahedral site is around 650 cm-1 for pure Nickel ferrite and this band shifted toward higher frequency with increasing the Al content because substitution of Al reduces the bond length. The M-H loop justified that substitution of nonmagnetic Al+3 (0μB) decreased the Saturation magnetization (Ms) and increased the Coercivity (Hc). The substitution of Al increased the resistivity of the Nickel ferrite which will make the material suitable for high frequency applications and where low eddy current losses are desirable.
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