Department of Physics

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Author: search.filters.author.Dr. Naima AminSubject: search.filters.subject.Department of Physics

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    Advancing Breast Cancer Detection: Embedding Nanoparticles into Breast Phantoms for Diagnostic Applications
    (Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) MISBAH ASHIQ; CUI/SP24-RPH-012/LHR; Dr. Naima Amin; LHR TP 10124
    In this study, a single-layer homogeneous breast tumor phantom was developed to simulate the diagnostic properties of malignant breast tissue, with the aim of enhancing breast cancer detection and diagnostic accuracy. The tumor-mimicking phantom was fabricated using an optimized gelatin-based hydrogel, incorporating additives such as NaCl, PVA, glycerin, agar, ethanol, and PEG to reproduce the physical consistency and imaging characteristics of tumor tissue. Silver oxide (Ag₂O) and iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles were synthesized using controlled chemical methods and characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM to confirm their chemical composition, crystalline structure, and surface morphology, ensuring their suitability for diagnostic imaging applications. The nanoparticles were uniformly incorporated into the tumor phantom through a premixing approach, resulting in a homogeneous distribution that simulates nanoparticle-enhanced tumor tissue. The fabricated tumor phantoms were evaluated using computed tomography (CT) to assess their effectiveness in breast cancer detection. CT imaging demonstrated increased Hounsfield Unit values due to the high atomic number of silvers in Ag₂O nanoparticles, leading to enhanced X-ray attenuation, while MRI scans revealed clear signal suppression and contrast variation in Fe₃O₄- loaded phantoms owing to their superparamagnetic properties. The results confirm that the developed single-layer homogeneous tumor phantom provides a reliable and reproducible model for evaluating nanoparticle-assisted breast cancer detection and precise diagnosis, offering a simplified yet effective platform for imaging system calibration, contrast agent assessment, and preclinical diagnostic studies.
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    Computerized Medical Image Analysis for Optimization of Cancer
    (Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Zulqarnain Nazir; CIIT/FA23-RPH-041/LHR; Dr. Naima Amin; LHR TP 10116
    The medical imaging has a significant role in the diagnosis and management of cancer, but the images produced by medical imaging modalities like MRI and CT usually contain noise, low contrast, and visual artifacts. These artifacts may conceal valuable tumor data and complicate the correct interpretation of clinicians. This thesis is aimed at enhancing medical image quality by means of computerized analysis of images so as to aid in enhancing the evaluation of cancers. Images of different patients acquired by MRI and CT were utilized in standard DICOM format in this study. Ten image enhancement procedures have been used in this study including sharpening, noise reduction, edge retention, contrast enhancement and visualization in three dimensions. The tools that were utilized to complete the analysis were RadiAnt DICOM Viewer and 3D Slicer, which provided the visualization options of the images, multiplanar reconstruction, tumor segmentation, and quantitative analysis. The results shows that image clarity and contrast and noise reduction are greatly enhanced by the use of appropriate enhancement methods. These enhancements contribute to the better visualization of tumor borders and the adjacent organs, resulting in more accurate segmentation and analysis. The improved quality of images also means that repeat scans can be reduced hence the cost and patient exposure can be minimized. On the whole, this study indicates that computerized medical image analysis may be used as a quality tool in streamlining the cancer imaging process and assisting in better diagnosis and treatment planning.
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    Dosimetry Audit for Precise Radiotherapy Treatment Planning by Using High-Energy Electron Beam (6-22 MeV)
    (Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2024) Sufia Kiran; CIIT/SP22-RPH-030/LHR; Dr. Naima Amin; LHR TP 10000
    It has been long known that patients treated with ionizing radiation carry a risk of developing a second cancer in their lifetimes. Factors that contribute to the restate of cancer (or may be called second cancer) includes improved cancer survival rate by using high radiations as well as emerging treatment modalities. These modalities such as electron beam therapy or external beam radiation therapy. They can potentially elevate secondary exposures to healthy tissues distant from the target volume. The standard Linear-Quadratic (LQ) survival model for electron beam radiotherapy is reviewed with particular emphasis on studying how different schedules of radiation treatment planning may be affected by different tumour repopulation kinetics. The LQ model is further examined in the context of tumour control probability (TCP) models. A high energy electron (6-22) MeV through linear accelerator is used to strike the target in cancer treatment. In general, radiotherapy has different energy of electron used for cancer treatment which depends on the various factors such as general patient health and history and the stage of the cancer. The crucial problem in the radiotherapy in cancer treatment is that electron beam did not know the difference between healthy and cancerous cell. External beam radiotherapy is used to deliver the radiations to the organ. In this study, beast organ selected as a target volume. The breast organs include surrounding tissues/OARs such as brain, lungs, liver, breast, thyroid and colon. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze and calculate the effect of high energy electrons on these surrounding tissues of breast. Thus mathematical & biological model, (LQM) is used as a tool to calculate the Biological Effective Dose (BED) with dose per fraction 1.8 for nearer to the pelvic. Moreover, the aim of this study is to provide an understanding of the principles and methods related to scattered doses (electron beam) in surrounding organs to check and optimize the dose plan in radiation therapy by summarizing a large collection of dosimetry and clinical studies
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    MIP based Electrochemical Identification of Rutin using Lead Pencil as An Electrode Source.
    (Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Zahra Munir; CIIT/SP22-RPH-013/LHR; Dr. Naima Amin; LHR TP 9999
    In response to the increasing demand for rapid and user-friendly procedures in research laboratories and hospitals, this study introduces a novel and direct electropolymerization method for monitoring Rutin in biological samples and pharmaceutical formulations. A molecularly imprinted pencil graphite electrode was employed, and electropolymerized in situ to create a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) network. The electropolymerization process involved Rutin as the template, pyrrole as the monomer, and SnS2/rGO. Experimental parameters were fine-tuned using Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) to optimize MIP efficacy. DPV investigations demonstrated a proportional increase in the peak oxidation signal with decreasing Rutin concentrations, showcasing the sensitivity of the developed method. Rutin concentrations ranging from 0.05nM to 100 µM could be accurately measured, boasting an impressive low detection limit of 0.01 nM. The proposed sensor exhibited exceptional detection capabilities in biological samples spiked with Rutin, highlighting acceptable recovery rates. This innovative electrochemical approach, combining molecular imprinting with electropolymerization, not only offers a sensitive and selective method for Rutin detection but also presents a versatile platform for monitoring other bioactive compounds. The simplicity, efficiency, and low detection limit make it a promising tool for routine analysis in diverse healthcare and pharmaceutical applications.
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    Radiation Analysis for Cancer Treatment Indicates Biological Alterations in the Surrounding Tissues
    (Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2024) AMINA SAEED; CUI/SP23-RPH-017/LHR; Dr. Naima Amin; LHR TP 9637
    It has been long known that patients treated with ionizing radiation carry a risk of developing a second cancer in their lifetimes. A high-energy electron beam 6 MeV through linear accelerator is used to strike the target in cancer treatment. External beam radiotherapy is used to deliver the radiations to the organ. In this study, breast organ selected as a target volume. The breast organs include surrounding tissues/OARs such as brain, lungs, liver, breast, heart. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze and calculate the effect of high-energy electrons on these surrounding tissues of breast. This damage is very important to analyze to the functionality of organs. Surrounding tissues affected by the direct and indirect radiation. Both radiation produce chemical changes in DNA. In this study, we investigate the chemical changes at DNA level to analyze the functionality of organ and the effect of radiation in surrounding tissues. More precise dosimetry can be develop by analysis the effect of radiation in target and surrounding tissues for further treatment.
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    Fabrication of Breast Cancer Phantom for the Estimation of Radiation Dose in Breast Cancer Radiotherapy
    (Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2022) Sahar Khalid; CIIT/FA20-RPH-008/LHR; Dr. Naima Amin; LHR TP 7975
    A Gel-based breast tumor phantom was fabricated to estimate radiation dose in breast cancer radiotherapy. The materials used have similar properties to real tumor tissues. Vegetable oil was used as a source of fats and lipids in the Phantom, while Gelatinwas used as a source of protein to make equivalent breast tumor tissues. NaCl was added to increase the Phantom's conductivity. Different characterization techniques were used to analyze the equivalency of tumor phantom with real breast tumor tissues. The bonding characteristic in FTIR spectra shows different organic compositions in the Phantom. X- ray diffraction was used for structural properties to find crystalline structure in the Phantom. It shows the highest crystalline structure peak at [200] planes due to the presence of NaCl. The swelling test helped to swell the tumor phantom with the right water content equivalent to real tumor tissues. The swelling ratiowas increased until 35 minutes later, and the sample started to degrade. Degradation was used to check the life span of a phantom. 40 Gy of Radiation dose was given to the tumor phantom, which led to the breakage of ester bonds in the Phantom, similar to the breakage of phospholipids in the cell membrane of breast tumor cells after the radiation was given.
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    Dosimetric Parameter’s Measurement for Different Radiation Beams to Develop a Precise Treatment Plan of Radiation Therapy
    (Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) ARZOO ASHRAF CUI/FA21-RPH-031/LHR; CUI/FA21-RPH-031/LHR; Dr. Naima Amin; LHR TP 8595
    Radiation therapy is a form of high energy gamma rays which can destroy or prevent the spread of cancer. It has been long known that patients treated with ionizing radiation carry a risk of developing a second cancer in their lifetimes. Factors that contribute to the restate of cancer (or may be called second cancer) includes improved cancer survival rate by using high radiations as well as emerging treatment modalities. These modalities such as intensity-modulated radiation treatment (IMRT). They can potentially elevate secondary exposures to healthy tissues distant from the target volume. In this study, cancer is treated with high-energy radiations. To provide radiation to the organ, external beam radiotherapy is performed. The target volume has been selected is the pelvic organ. The surrounding tissues and OARs of the pelvic organs include the bladder, rectum, small bowl, and LT and RT femoral heads. As a result, the goal of this work is to evaluate and compute the impact of high energy photons on these pelvic surrounding tissues. By using radiation beams for constant half value layer (HVL) and field size we determine the PDD and observe the path of radiation. Also we have check the variation in different parameters for closed applicators and diaphragm limited. For this we calculated values for different depths and field size and observe the PDD. A high energy through linear accelerator is used to strike the target in cancer treatment. Thus Mathematical & biological model (LQM) is used as a tool to calculate the Biological Effective Dose (BED) and Biological Equivalent Dose (EQD2) with dose per fraction for different Organs at Risk (OAR’s) nearer to the pelvic. The LQ model is further examined in the context of tumor control probability (TCP) models. Then we use the Radiobiological considerations can be utilized in a variety of therapeutic settings, and all physicians should be aware of the potential advantages of incorporating a quantitative radiobiological approach into their practice. Moreover, the aim of this study is to provide an understanding of the principles and methods related to scattered doses in surrounding organs to check and optimize the dose plan in radiation therapy by summarizing a large collection of dosimetry and clinical studies.
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    Pattern Recognition and Deep Learning Models for Cancer Detection
    (Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) Mishal Tahir; CIIT\FA21-RPH-020/LHR; Dr. Naima Amin; LHR TP 8591
    Cancer, a leading cause of death worldwide, poses challenges due to late-stage detection and inaccurate imaging techniques. Precise and effective screening is crucial for early detection and treatment. Various low-cost and accurate imaging techniques are used, but difficulties arise when experts struggle to interpret certain image areas, leading to missed cancer diagnoses. To address this, computer-based software utilizing deep learning models and algorithms has been developed. Traditional approaches have evolved into computerized tools that analyze, diagnose, and predict symptoms. This study conducted a comparative analysis of three detection models of different frameworks for binary and multi-class image classification using image processing techniques. Despite their distinct inputs, model network architecture Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). The data were split into sets: training, validation, and testing, and the evaluation involved learning curves of training and validation loss and accuracy as well as a comparison of training, validation, and test accuracies to check the model performances. The results showed the accuracy of all models of predicting unknown images of cancerous or non-cancerous. The Difference in input data and model learning rate could be the reason for variation in test results. Computer language, python, and the platform, Pycharm IDE have been used for tasks performed.
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    Utilization of Photoluminescence for the Detection of pH Change in Biological Systems.
    (Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) NASHRAH ARSHAD; CIIT/FA21-RPH-027/LHR; LHR TP 8593; Dr. Naima Amin
    Carbon nanodots are well known in the biomedical industry due to their unique fluorescent characteristics. The photoluminescence and fluorescence quantum yield of nitrogen-based carbon nanodots are excellent. The pH in living cells is very important as a lot of physiological systems are working in our body to keep them within a specific range. As a light change in pH can cause imbalance in cell function and growth. There are many diseases, which are associated with pH change (acidic pH) such as cancer, tuberculosis, and infections. Hence, a sensitive and selective system is needed to monitor the pH in living cells. The composition of carbon nanodots with Polyethylene glycol and showed better chemical stability, high biocompatibility, intense photoluminescence. Therefore, they can be used to evaluate pH detection in living cells. The purpose of this study is to produce nitrogen-based carbon nanodots that are susceptible to photoluminescence properties and high quantum yield. NCDs were synthesized via the Hydrothermal method which is a very facile and cost-effective technique. The synthesised carbon nanodots were evaluated employing FT-IR, UV-Vis, and Fluorescence spectroscopy. Carboxyl functional groups were found to be present on the surface of carbon nanodots, according to FT-IR spectra. Particle size results indicate that the produced carbon nanodots are spherical and have diameters in the range of 255 d.nm. All these experiments confirm that synthesized carbon nanodots possess high photoluminescence, better quantum yield hence forward they can be used for pH detection and other biomedical applications
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    To Investigate the Absorbed Dose and Consequences of Radiation Therapy in the Surrounding of Cancerous Cell by using High Energy Electron Beam
    (Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2022) Muhammad Haroon Yaqoob; CIIT/FA20-RPH-016/LHR; Dr. Naima Amin; LHR TP 7979
    It has been long seen that patient given through ionizing radiation bring a chance of emerging a second cancer in their periods. Causes that contribute to the restate of cancer (or may be called second cancer) contains improved cancer being rate by using high radiations as well as developing treatment sense modality. They could enhance healthy tissues that were set aside from the goal volume for secondary experiences. In this paper, the Linear-Quadratic existence model for outside beam radiation therapy is examined through a focus on just how various radiation treatment development strategies can be impacted via various cancer repopulation kinetics. Tumor control probability (TCP) models are used to further analyze the LQ model. A high energy electron beam 6 MeV through linear accelerator is used to strike the target in cancer treatment. In general, radiotherapy has different energy of electron used for cancer treatment which depends on the various factors such as general patient health and history and the stage of the cancer. The major difficulty in the radiation in cancer treatment is that electron beam did not recognize the distinction between healthy and diseased cell. External beam radiotherapy is used to deliver the radiations to the organ. Pelvic organ selected as a target volume. The pelvic organs include surrounding tissues/ organ at risk (OARs) such as per bladder, rectum, small bowl, Left and Right femoral heads. Thus, the purpose of this learning is to analyze and calculate the consequence of high energy electrons on these surrounding tissues of pelvic. Thus Mathematical & biological model, Linear quadratic model (LQM) is used as a tool to calculate the Biological Effective Dose (BED) and Biological Equivalent Dose (EQD2) with dose per fraction 2 for different Organs at Risk (OAR’s) nearer to the pelvic. Moreover, the aim of this analysis is to require a kind of the principles and methods connected to scattered doses (electron beam) surrounding organ to check and optimize the dose plan in radiation therapy by brief a big compilation of dosimetry and medical surveys.