Department of Physics
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Item Synthesis and Investigation of NiFe2O4 with Orange Peel Composite Synthesized through Hydrothermal Method(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2024) Azhar Saleem; CIIT/SP23-RPH-019/LHR; Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad; LHR TP 9639In this work, nickel ferrite and orange peel extract were combined to create a composite using the hydrothermal technique. Its efficacy in lowering fluoride levels in fluoridated water was the main objective. The crystal structure, phase identification, and chemical bonding properties were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. According to XRD measurements, the generated ferrite exhibits a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure in a single phase with no impurities in the sample. Because orange peel extract is amorphous, adding it has no effect on the crystal structure. The values of the structural parameters closely resemble those of the same structure that have been previously published. The FTIR data shows that the generated ferrite is evidently spinel and has noticeable stretching and vibrational peaks that are brought on by the compound's many molecules. According to the observed parameters, the produced composite may be used to a number of situations, including defluoridating water. A natural water body has been treated with the generated material to evaluate the effects of pH, duration of contact, quantity of adsorbent and initial fluoride concentration.Item Investigation of NiO/Potato Peels Nanocomposite Prepared through Hydrothermal Method(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) AYESHA ANJUM; CIIT/FA21-RPH-025/LHR; Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad; LHR TP 8592One of the most important problems in the world today is the fluoride pollution of the surrounding waters due to activities and anthropogenic activities. Due to their high catalytic activity and large surface area, ferrite nanoparticles have gained interest in wastewater treatment. Synthesis of NiO/Potato Peels Nanocomposites using a hydrothermal process to remove fluoride from drinking water is exported in the present study. Various tests such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are used to identify the structure and morphology of the composite. The XRD results identified a single-phase structure with lattice parameters ranging from 8.38Å to 8.33Å. Agglomerated and heterogeneous-sized nanoparticles are seen in SEM micrographs. FTIR depicts the ranges of NiO within the repetitiveness range of 400–4000 cm-1. These incorporation bands, situated at 665 cm-1 and 543 cm-1, pertain to the extended shaking modes of the tetrahedral ore-oxygen bond and the octahedral ore- oxygen bond, individually.Item Study of Structure, Morphology, and Adsorption Properties of Ni0.2Zn0.8Fe2O4/GO Composite Prepared by Hydrothermal Method.(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2023) AFAQ ARSHAD; CUI/FA21-RPH-029/LHR; Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad; LHR TP 8585Environmental degradation, particularly water contamination, is causing more and more serious issues with human health today. Fluoride ions and heavy metals are the main sources of water pollution. In the current study, an in-situ approach was used to generate a Ni0.2Zn0.8Fe2O4/GO nanocomposite that was examined for its ability to remove fluoride ions from water. Different techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), are used to characterize the produced nanocomposite. The produced ferrite reveals a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure in a single-phase spinal structure with no impurities in the sample, according to XRD data. The agglomerated and variably sized nanoparticles were observed in SEM micrographs. For Nickel zinc ferrite, the FTIR spectra indicate the absorption band of the octahedral and tetrahedral sites. A fluoride sensor was used in the nano synthesis lab to measure the amount of fluoride in the drinking water. The elimination of fluoride was conducted at various time intervals and in the pH range from 3 to 11. Finally, these ferrites have been employed to remove fluoride ions from several drinking water sources in Lahore, and the results have been excellent.Item Synthesis of Aluminum Substituted Nickel Ferrites via Hydrothermal Method and Investigation of Structural, Electrical and Magnetic Characteristics(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2021) Shahid Hassan; CIIT/FA19-RPH-020/LHR; Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad; LHR TP 7247Hydrothermal method was used for the preparation of Aluminum substituted Nickel ferrites (NiAlxFe2-xO4, x= 0.0, 0.1, 0.2) to study the effect of substitution of Al on structural, magnetic and electrical properties of Nickel ferrite. X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron microscopy, Energy Dispersive spectrum, Fourier Transmission Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and Two Probe technique was used to characterize the samples. A single phase spinal structure was confirmed by XRD diffraction and lattice parameter was reduced from 8.40 Å to 8.25 Å.SEM micrographs showed nanoparticles are agglomerated and are non-uniform in size.EDX analysis confirmed that substitution has been successfully achieved. The FTIR spectrum revealed the absorption band of octahedral site is around 650 cm-1 for pure Nickel ferrite and this band shifted toward higher frequency with increasing the Al content because substitution of Al reduces the bond length. The M-H loop justified that substitution of nonmagnetic Al+3 (0μB) decreased the Saturation magnetization (Ms) and increased the Coercivity (Hc). The substitution of Al increased the resistivity of the Nickel ferrite which will make the material suitable for high frequency applications and where low eddy current losses are desirable.Item Effects of Strontium (Sr) Substitution on Magnetic and Physical Properties of Barium Based Monoferrites Synthesized by Hydrothermal Method(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2020) Saba Yasmeen; CIIT/FA18-RPH-012/LHR; Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad; LHR TP 6081In this study, the hydrothermal method has been used to prepare Sr-substituted (SrxBa1- xFe2O4 x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) monoferrite with enhanced magnetization and higher active functional sites for easy magnetic separation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns for the samples (x= 0.1 and 0.3) reveal that the samples confirm single phase formation of BaFe2O4. The structural parameters such as lattice constants (a, b and c), unit cell volume (V) and X-ray density were calculated from XRD patterns and their values greatly match with the earlier reported values for this structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirms that the samples have nano sized grain size. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) shows the stretching and bending vibrations of substituted ferrites. Vibrating sample magnetometery (VSM) was employed to measure the M-H loop of a selected sample. The shape of the loop reveals that the ferrite has soft magnetic nature having low value of coercivity (< 1000Oe). The observed parameters for the samples suggest that they may have applications in dielectric resonators, transformer cores, multilayer chip inductors and most importantly in adsorption of fluoride inos from drinking water where materials with low coercivity and moderate magnetization are desirable.Item Synthesis of Co0.7Ni0.3Fe2O4/GO Composite Through Hydrothermal Method and Insight into the Physical Properties(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Anam Munir; CIIT/FA23-RPH-005/LHR; Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad; LHR TP 9840Hydrothermal method was used for the preparation of Cobalt-Nickel Ferrites/Graphene Oxide (Co0.7Ni0.3Fe2O4/GO) to study the physical properties. The goal of adding GO to the ferrite matrix was to improve the composite's optical, morphological, and structural properties. X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron microscopy, UV-VIS Spectroscopy and RAMAN Spectroscopy was used to characterize the samples. A single-phase spinal structure was confirmed by XRD diffraction and lattice parameter was reduced from 8.40 Å to 8.25 Å.SEM micrographs showed nanoparticles are agglomerated and are non-uniform in size. The optical bandgap changed significantly increasing GO content, according to UV-Vis analysis, indicating increased optical absorption. The effective integration of the GO and ferrite phases was further confirmed by Raman spectra. These results demonstrate the promise of Co0.7Ni0.3Fe2O4/GO nanocomposites for innovative uses in water purification. However, there will be the study of the physiology fibrillation of the fluoride ions in the contaminated water with help to chemo sorption by the application of first order (PFO) and second order (PSO) model. This project’s findings also improved the experimental studies of Co0.7Ni0.3Fe2O4/GO composite