Department of Physics

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Preparation of Composites Based on Ferrite & Biomass-derived Carbon and its Investigation for Supercapacitor Energy Storage Applications
(2025) Muskan Bibi; CIIT/FA23-RPH-048/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Habib; LHR TP 10004
In this research, nickel ferrite (NiFe₂O₄), aluminum-doped nickel ferrite (NiFe₁.₉Al₀.₁O₄), and a composite with Balsa wood-derived carbon were successfully synthesized using the hydrothermal method. The aim was to enhance the electrochemical performance of nickel ferrite for supercapacitor applications. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of a pure cubic spinel structure in all samples, with slight peak shifts observed in the doped and composite materials due to lattice modifications. Electrochemical characterization was carried out using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results demonstrated that Al doping improved electrical conductivity and structural stability, while the addition of biomass-derived carbon increased the surface area and reduced particle agglomeration. Among all samples, the Al–NiFe₂O₄/carbon composite exhibited the highest specific capacitance and best cyclic stability, proving it to be the most effective electrode material. This study highlights the potential of using low-cost, sustainable, and doped ferrite-carbon composites as advanced materials for energy storage in supercapacitor devices.
Synthesizing A Hybrid Energy Storage Device Containing Polymer Polyaniline (PANI) Anchored MXene-CNT Nanostructures
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Muhammad Abdullah; CIIT/FA23-RPH-025/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Habib; LHR TP 9854
Next generation electronics need to be high performance, multifunctional, and environmentally friendly. This study is dedicated to the preparation and characterization of a new hybrid electrode material based on the assembly of a polyaniline (PANI) polymer on MXene-carbon nanotube (CNT) nano-structures for supercapacitor usage. In this hybrid system, the conductive MXene-CNT framework serves as a high surface area electron conduit, whilst the PANI coating contributes to the pseudocapacitive charge storage via Faradaic processes. The hybrid material was obtained by in-situ polymerization of aniline on MXene-CNT substrates while maintaining strong interfacial interactions. The uniform distribution of PANI on the MXene-CNT matrix, followed by larger specific capacitance, rate capability, and cycling stability compared with the components demonstrated by electrochemical measurements further confirmed its effectiveness. The properties of synthesized material were characterized using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrochemical measurements CV, and GCD. The redox peaks in CV show its hybrid nature so prepared electrode from MXene, CNT and PANI. The native synergy of MXene conductivity, CNT mechanical strength, and PANI redox activity resulted in a high-performance energy storage device with possibilities for flexible and wearable electronics possibilities. Therefore, this work proposes a new and effective approach for enhancing the development of advanced hybrid electrodes. In addition, the assembled heterostructure can assemble the plate-like 2D MXene, 1D CNTs, and 3D PANI to form a hybrid electrode with a hierarchical structure and complementary charge storage mechanisms. This dimensional synergy enabled high energy and power density. Therefore, this study provides a promising and efficient way for the preparation of ideal electrode materials for high-performance energy storage devices.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ferrite-Based Electrode for Lithium Ion Battery
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Haseeb Rasheed; CUI/FA23-RPH-020/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Habib; LHR TP 9851
The rising global demand for high-performance, environmentally sustainable, and cost- effective energy storage systems has been driven extensive research into advanced lithium- ion battery (LIB) technologies. Conventional cathode materials such as LiCoO2, while widely used, are hindered by the high cost, limited abundance, and toxicity of cobalt. In this context, ferrite-based materials especially those incorporating transition metals such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and nickel (Ni) have emerged as attractive alternatives due to their abundance, thermal stability, and favorable electrochemical properties. This thesis focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical evaluation of ferrite-based nanomaterials, specially using lithium (Li). Fe, Mn and Ni as precursors, synthesized through the hydrothermal method. The Hydrothermal technique was selected due to its versatility in controlling particle size, morphology, and crystallinity under relatively low temperature and pressure conditions. Among the synthesized materials Ni0.7 Mg0.3Fe2O4 and Li0.5Fe2.5O4 were investigated for their electrochemical potential in LIBs. Furthermore, composite materials were fabricated by integrating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with ferrite structures to improve electrical conductivity, surface area, and electrochemical kinetics. The CNTs serve as conductive networks within the ferrite matrix, promotion efficient electron transport and enhancing charge/discharge capabilities. The structural, morphological, and functional characteristics of synthesized materials were thoroughly analyzed using multiple techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of spinel structure with high phase purity. Fourier- transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy provided insights into the bonding and vibrational modes of the metal-oxygen frame works. UV-Vis spectroscopy was employed to study the optical band gap, which is critical for assessing transitions and semiconducting behavior. Electrochemical characterization, including cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) revealed that ferrite-CNT composites exhibit enhanced specific capacity, improved cyclic stability, and good rate performance when compared to pure ferrite. The Li0.5Fe2.5O4-CNT composite, in particular, demonstrated superior electrochemical behavior, attributed the synergistic effects between the ferrite structure and the conductive carbon nanotubes. This research not only showcases the potential of transition metal ferrite as viable electrodes materials for LIB but also highlight the importance of hybrid nanostructures in enhancing battery performance. The work proves the way for future studies focusing on optimizing ferrite-based materials and exploring other conductive additives to further advance lithium-ion battery technology

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