Final Year Projects (FYPs) - Undergraduates
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repository.cuilahore.edu.pk/handle/123456789/53
This collection archives the complete set of theses produced by students of the COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus.
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Item Coupled Parallel Fluid Flow in Porous Medium Adjacent to Free Flow Domain(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2019) Ifrah Tehreem; CIIT/SP17-RMT-023/LHR; Dr. Mohsan Hassan; LHR TP 5746Fluid flow through a partially filled porous channel, in which porous layer is considered at center of the channel bounded by free flow regions. Fluid flow over a partially filled porous channel is directed by different types of mathematical model with various kinds of boundary conditions at interface. In chapter 2, we consider the fluid flow through fluid-porous channel in which the flow in free region is governed by Stokes equation and Darcy-Forchheimer model. At interface, we assume the velocity for the free fluid is proportional to the shear rate of the permeable region. In this chapter, we examined the effects of the Darcy number, interfacial velocity slip coefficient and Knudsen number on the velocity distribution. In chapter 3, we consider the same channel in which porous media, but here mathematical model is govern by Stokes equation for free region and Brinkman model for porous region. In addition, at the interface, we use the continuity condition of velocity and shear stress with jump effect to find the fluid flow behavior through the channel. In this case, the effect of different values of Darcy number on the velocity distribution is analyzed and compare with the results of Chapter 2.Item Rheological Modeling of Viscoelastic Materials through Different Methods(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2020) Arooj Khizar; SP19-RMT-016; LHR TP 6473The present work is concerned with the rheological modeling of viscoelastic materials through different methods. The viscoelastic fluids have mechanical properties that are intermediate between ordinary liquid and solids. These properties are measured through the several kinds of expressions which are developed through different methods. In this thesis these methods are discussed in detail. The thesis contains five chapters, first chapter comprises of introduction of whole thesis, definitions and basic terminologies that are used throughout. In second chapter, we have discussed the differential form of Maxwell model, Kelvin-Voigt model, Burgers model and Standard linear model for viscoelastic fluids. In third chapter, the Creep and Recovery form of all the models along with different loading conditions are investigated. In fourth chapter, the small amplitude oscillatory form of the models is modeled and used to investigate the behavior of elasticity and viscosity against angular frequencyItem Dynamics of a Vector-Host SIR-SI Model in Dengue Transmission(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2024) Rayan Zahid; CIIT/SP21-BSM-001/LHR; Dr. Syed Tahir Raza Rizvi; LHR TP 9877Dengue fever is a major health problem, especially in tropical and subtropical areas, affect- ing around 50 countries. The disease is mainly spread by Aedes mosquitoes, with Aedes aegypti being the most important carrier. Urbanization, climate change, and population movement make it spread more easily. Dengue symptoms can range from mild fever to se- vere hemorrhagic fever, which can be fatal. To control the disease, effective strategies are needed, and epidemiological models are crucial for understanding disease spread, testing interventions, and predicting outbreaks. In this project, we will create a model that describes the relationship between humans and mosquitoes using a susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model for people and a susceptible- infected (SI) model for mosquitoes. The goal is to understand how these two groups in- teract and use this information to improve control measures. We will calculate the basic reproduction number (Ro) using the Next Generation Matrix method to determine whether the disease will spread (Ro > 1) or fade out (Ro < 1). We will also use stability analysis with the Lyapunov function to check these results. Furthermore, we will run simulations in MATLAB to test the model and explore the effects of control measures like mosquito population control, vaccination, and quarantine. By doing sensitivity analysis, we will identify the most important factors affecting disease spread and help prioritize the best in- terventions. The project aims to provide useful insights into how dengue spreads and guide effective ways to control it.Item Discussions on Solutions of Fredholm Integral Equations(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2024) Muhammad Adeel Khan; CIIT/SP21-BSM-022/LHR; Dr. Kashif Nazar; LHR TP 9888This thesis investigates the analytical and numerical solutions of Fredholm integral equa- tions of the second kind, focusing on both homogeneous and non-homogeneous cases. In the analytical framework, we explore solutions with degenerate kernels and methods to ap- proximate complex kernels by degenerate forms, providing efficient pathways for problem simplification. The study covers both theoretical and applied aspects, emphasizing cases where the kernel exhibits specific structures that facilitate closed-form solutions. Numer- ical methods are also developed and analyzed for solving these integral equations in both homogeneous and non-homogeneous settings. The numerical approaches are evaluated for their accuracy and computational efficiency, providing insights into practical implemen- tations and approximations for real-world applications. Through comprehensive analysis and comparison of methods, this research contributes to the effective solution of Fredholm integral equations, offering new perspectives for both theoretical exploration and applied problem-solving.Item Metric Dimension of Wheel Based Graphs(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2024) Muzammal Ashraf; CIIT/SP21-BSM-037/LHR; Dr. Hani Shaker; LHR TP 9894The concept of metric dimension is essential for solving a variety of structural and opti- mization issues. The smallest size of a set of vertices that allows the original vertex to be uniquely determined by the shortest distances from any vertex to these selected vertices is known as the graph’s metric dimension. This idea finds use in the construction of effective routing algorithms, network navigation, and locating issues. In this study, we investigate the metric dimension of different classes of graphs, such as trees, pathways, cycles, and more intricate structures like grids and hypercubes. We explore methods for computing the metric dimension and present novel approaches to obtain accurate values or constraints for particular graph families. The study sheds light on the behavior of the metric dimen- sion under various graph settings, emphasizing how it varies with respect to graph factors including degree, vertex connectivity, and diameter. Furthermore, we examine the compu- tational difficulty of figuring out the metric dimension and suggest effective strategies for real-world uses. In order to provide more efficient solutions for graph-based problems in practical settings, we seek to optimize the determination of metric dimensions by utilizing recent developments in computational techniques.Item Neutrosophic Fuzzy Number Optimized Path in a Network(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2024) Shahzaib Sajid; CIIT/SP21-BSM-029/LHR; Dr. Madiha Khalid; LHR TP 9889Fuzzy and neutrosophic numbers are mathematical tools designed to handle un- certainty and imprecision in real-world problems. Fuzzy numbers, grounded in fuzzy set theory, represent values with gradual transitions between membership and non-membership, characterized by a membership function. These numbers effectively model uncertainty when precise values are unavailable, as seen in applications like decision-making, optimization, and engineering systems. Neutrosophic numbers extend this concept by incorporating indeterminacy into the model, a key feature of neutrosophic set theory. They consist of three components: truth (T), indeterminacy (I), and falsity (F), each of which is independently assessed. This structure enables a more nuanced representation of uncertainty, capturing scenarios where incomplete, contradictory, or vague information coexists. Both approaches play crucial roles in addressing the complexity of real-world problems where classical mathematics may fall short. While fuzzy numbers are suitable for problems with well-defined boundaries of uncertainty, neutro- sophic numbers offer superior flexibility in environments with higher levels of indeterminacy. Together, these tools have broadened the scope of uncertainty modeling across disciplines such as artificial intelligence, economics, and risk managementItem Properties of Total Graphs(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2024) BISMA ATIQ; CIIT/FA20-BSM-007/LHR; Dr. Imran Ahmed; LHR TP 9913With every graph G (finite and undirected with no loops or multiple lines) there is associated a graph L(G), called the line-graph of G, whose points correspond in a one-to-one manner with the lines of G in such a way that two points of L(G) are adjacent if and only if the corresponding lines of G are adjacent. Let G = (V, E) be a graph. The Gallai total graph ΓT (G) of G is the graph, where V (ΓT (G)) = V ∪ E and uv ∈ E(ΓT (G)) if and only if (i) u and v are adjacent vertices in G, or (ii) u is incident to v or v is incident to u in G, or (iii) u and v are adjacent edges in G which do not span a triangle in G. The anti-Gallai total graph ∆T (G) of G is the graph, where V (∆T (G)) = V ∪ E and uv ∈ E(∆T (G)) if and only if (i) u and v are adjacent vertices in G, or (ii) u is incident to v or v is incident to u in G, or (iii) u and v are adjacent edges in G and lie on a same triangle in G. The Gallai middle graph ΓM(G) of a graph G = (V, E) is the graph whose vertex set is V ∪E and two edges ei, ej ∈ E are adjacent in ΓM(G), if they are adjacent edges of G and do not lie on a same triangle in G, or if e = uv ∈ E then e is adjacent to u and v in ΓM(G). The anti-Gallai middle graph ∆M(G) of G is the graph whose vertex set is V ∪E and two edges ei, ej ∈ E are adjacent in ∆M(G) if they are adjacent in G and lie on a same triangle in G, or if e = uv ∈ E then e is adjacent to u and v in ∆M(G).In this paper, we present Eulerian and Hamiltonian properties of Gallai and anti-Gallai middle graphs. In this paper, we investigate Total Graph, Gallai and anti-Gallai Total Graphs and Middle graph.Item Bounds on Second Hyper Zagreb Index for Four Graph Operations(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2024) Mehwish Perveen (CIIT/FA20-BSM-032/LHR, Mehwish Majeed (CIIT/FA20-BSM-051/LHR); Dr. Maqsood Ahmad; LHR TP 9904In the field of chemical graph theory, a Topological index is a numerical value obtained through a mathematical formula involving vertex degrees, distance, spectrum, and their combination. These values are extracted from the molecular graph of a chemical com- pound and are instrumental in the QSPR/QSAR analysis. Operations on the graphs enables us to construct new and valuable molecular graphs of future chemical compounds. A fas- cinating area of inquiry in chemical graph theory is determining the closed form formulas and bounds of relevant topological indices within a specific family of graphs. Our project focuses on computing the exact formulas of the Y-index for F-sum related to tensor product, and we have included various examples to verify our findings.Item Topological Indices of Graphs and Some Related Aspects(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2024) Ayesha Mehmood; CIIT/SP21-BSM-018/LHR; Dr. Sana Javed; LHR TP 9886This project explores the application of graph theory in chemistry, emphasizing topological indices such as the Leap Eccentric Connectivity Index (LECI) and Leap Zagreb Indices. These indices serve as mathematical descriptors to model molecular structures and predict chemical properties, contributing to quantitative structure- property (QSPR) and structure-activity relationships (QSAR). The study includes graph theory concepts, including vertices, edges, and connectivity. Detailed computations of the Leap Eccentric Connectivity Index (LECI) and Leap Zagreb Indices for various types of graphs, including complete, bipartite, wheel, and star graphs. Extensions to specialized graph structures like subdivision graphs, windmill graphs, and flower graphs are also included. This project is divided into five chapters. Chapter 1 provides basic terminologies, definitions and notions from graph theory and Leap Eccentric connectivity indices. Chapter 2 gives a literature review. Chapter 3 is about main results of the project while a discussion is provided in chapter 4. The references used in the project are given in chapter 5.Item On Equitable Coloring of Certain Graphs(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2024) Ahmed Muhammad (CIIT/FA20-BSM-022/LHR), Sohail Abu Haraira (CIIT/SP20-BSM-013/LHR); Dr. M. Faisal Nadeem; LHR TP 9912In this project, we explore several fundamental concepts in graph theory, focusing primarily equitable edge coloring. An equitable edge coloring of a graph is a proper edge coloring for which the difference between any two color classes is at most one. The minimum cardinality of G for such coloring is called equitable edge chromatic number.
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