Final Year Projects (FYPs) - Undergraduates
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repository.cuilahore.edu.pk/handle/123456789/53
This collection archives the complete set of theses produced by students of the COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus.
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Item Graph Neural Networks: Bridging Structure and Intelligence(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Fahad Shoaib; SP21-BSM-007; Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Afzal Siddiqui; LHT TP 9880Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have emerged as a powerful paradigm for learning on non-Euclidean data, bridging the gap between structured graph representations and intel ligent data processing. This thesis explores the theoretical foundations and architectural innovations of GNNs, focusing on their ability to capture complex relational patterns in graph-structured data. We begin by examining the Message Passing Framework, which forms the backbone of most GNN architectures, enabling information propagation across graph nodes. The study then delves into Graph Convolution Operations, highlighting how they generalize traditional convolutions to irregular graph domains. We provide an in-depth analysis of two key GNN architectures: Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) and Graph Attention Networks (GATs). GCNs are presented as a foundational model that efficiently aggregates neighborhood information, while GATs are explored for their adaptive atten tion mechanisms that allow for more flexible and expressive feature learning. Through a comparative analysis, we elucidate the strengths and limitations of these architectures, with particular emphasis on citation network analysis, where nodes represent scientific papers and edges represent citations between them. Our experiments on the CORA dataset, com prising 2,708 scientific publications and 5,429 citation links, demonstrate the effectiveness of GNNs in capturing the interdependence between academic papers and their citations.Item Hermite-Hadamard, Midpoint, Trapezoidal, and Simpson Type Inequalities and Related Results(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Muhammad Bilal Aslam; FA23-RMT-027; Dr. Sadia Khalid; LHR TP 9773This thesis explores integral inequalities of the Hermite-Hadamard, Trapezoidal, Midpoint, and Simpson types inequalities for s-convex, Quasi-convex and P-convex functions. We present the refinements of Trapezoidal type inequalities and derive better upper bounds for the Midpoint and Simpson's type inequalities. Finally, some applications and graphical representations are also presented.Item Heart Disease Detection Based on Machine Learning Algorithms(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Sairish Mushtaq (FA20-BSM-040) : Areej Khan (FA22-BSM-060); Dr. Sana Javed; LHR TP 9906Cardiovascular diseases are the first cause of death all over the world. By using artificial intelligence algorithms and, in particular, machine learning approaches it is possible to predict risky situations due to heart disease. Various approaches are investigated in this report such as neural network, support vector machine, decision tree, Naive Bayes, logistic regression and stochastic gradient descent to extract predictive models in order to test for the presence or absence of heart disease. Thanks to the public dataset from UCI, it is possible to take advantage of medical data to train the proposed models. A comparison among the different approaches based on the performance is included in this project. The tests of the proposed models revealed performances in terms of accuracy in the range 77 percent-90.6 percent. The Naive Bayes model has been the model with the highest accuracy (90.6 percent), highest precision (96.4 percent) and shortest time for classification (0.003 seconds).Item discussions on ahlfors mapping funetion and its zeros(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Muhammad Talha Rafiq (FA20-BSM-048) : Syeda Rubab Fatima (FA20-BSM-061); Dr. Kashif Nazar; LHR TP 9925Conformal mapping is very usefull technique complex analysis to solveItem Fractional Integral Inequalities via Multiplicative Caputo-Fabrizio Integral operator(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Muhammad Qais Ali (FA20-BSM-055) : Raheel Abbas (FA20-BSM-052); Dr. Saad Ihsan Butt; LHR TP 9919Fractional integral operator generalize the classical concept of integration to non-integer or ders.In our work, first we establish the Hermite-Hadamard’s inequality via Multiplicative Caputo-Frabrizio operator then using this inequality we establish Mid-point, Trapezoidal equalities. After that we establish our main lemma by using this lemma we establish dif ferent result like, Power mean inequality, Holder inequality and absolute value inequality. BYusing these inequalities we obtain new error estimates.Item Analysing Some Topological Indices of the Line Graph Derived from the K-subdivision of the Wheel Graph(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Muhammad Rabi Ijaz Cheema; SP21-BSM-030; Dr. Imran Zulfiqar Cheema; LHR TP 9890Topological indices play a crucial role in the mathematical characterization of chemical structures and complex networks. In this paper, we analyze several topological indices of the line graph derived from the k-subdivision of the wheel graph Wn. The k-subdivision of a graph is obtained by replacing each edge with a path of k edges, transforming the original structure into a more intricate graph. The line graph of this k-subdivision further encodes adjacency relationships between edges, enabling a deeper structural analysis. Firstly, we focused on degree-based topological indices, namely the Randic index, atom bond connectivity index, geometric arithmetic index, the first and the second Zagreb in dices and co-indices, the first and the second multiple Zagreb indices and co-indices, hyper Zagreb index, forgotten index, augmented Zagreb index, Balaban index, redefined Zagreb type indices for Analysing some topological indices of the line graph derived from the K-subdivision of the Wheel graph . These indices provide insights into the connectivity and complexity of the graph. Additionally, we analyze the behavior of these indices with respect to the parameter k and the number of vertices n in the original wheel graph. Our f indings reveal trends and relationships between k, n, and the computed indices, shedding light on the impact of k-subdivision on graph-theoretic properties. Theresults presented herein contribute to the broader study of graph invariants and their applications in mathematical chemistry, structural biology, and network theoryItem Application of Ranking Heptagonal Neutrosophic Fuzzy Numbers to Transportation Problem(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Mudasir Nazar (FA20-BSM-031 : Umer Farooq (FA20-BSM-059); Dr. Madiha Khalid; LHR TP 9923This thesis introduces the concept of neutrosophic heptagonal numbers and presents a novel approach for their ranking. Neutrosophic heptagonal numbers extend the realm of neutrosophic numbers to a seven-dimensional space, offering a more comprehensive representation of uncertainty in various real-world appli cations. The developed ranking method provides a structured framework to assess and order these complex numbers, facilitating decision-making processes in uncertain environments. To demonstrate the practical utility of this approach, we apply it to solve a transportation problem framed within the context of a cost matrix. By lever aging the ranking methodology on the cost matrix, we effectively address the uncertainties inherent in transportation planning, optimizing routes, and mini mizing costs. Through computational experiments, we validate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method in handling real-world scenarios charac terized by intricate uncertainties. This research contributes to advancing the understanding and application of neutrosophic heptagonal numbers in decision sciences, offering a valuable tool for analyzing complex systems where uncertainty plays a significant roleItem Fractal geometry(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Madiha Iftikhar; SP21-BSM-015; Dr. Adeel Farooq; LHR TP 9884Fractal geometry explores the complex, self-replicating structures found in mathematical, natural, and computational systems. Originating from the foundational work of Benoˆıt B. Mandelbrot, fractals represent shapes exhibiting self-similarity across scales and fractional dimensions. This study delves into key mathematical constructs like the Cantor set, Koch curve, Mandelbrot set, and Julia sets, showcasing their recursive nature and infinite com plexity. The research emphasizes the significance of fractals in modeling natural phenom ena, including coastlines, mountain ranges, and biological patterns, and highlights their transformative applications in computer graphics, medical imaging, and economic analy sis. The iterative methodologies and Hausdorff dimension analysis offer a framework to describe and simulate intricate, real-world patterns. By bridging theoretical and practical realms, fractal geometry not only enriches mathematical theory but also provides innova tive tools for scientific and artistic endeavorsItem Application of Ranking Hexaagonal Neutrosophic Fuzzy Numbers to an Assignment Problem(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Usama Talib (FA20-BSM-044) : Zafar Iftikhar (FA20-BSM-054); Dr. Madiha Khalid; LHR TP 9920This thesis introduces the concept of neutrosophic hexagonal numbers and presents a novel approach for their ranking. Neutrosophic hexagonal numbers extend the realm of neutrosophic numbers to a seven-dimensional space, offering a more comprehensive representation of uncertainty in various real-world appli cations. The developed ranking method provides a structured framework to assess and order these complex numbers, facilitating decision-making processes in uncertain environments. To demonstrate the practical utility of this approach, we apply it to solve a transportation problem framed within the context of a cost matrix. By lever aging the ranking methodology on the cost matrix, we effectively address the uncertainties inherent in transportation planning, optimizing routes, and mini mizing costs. Through computational experiments, we validate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method in handling real-world scenarios charac terized by intricate uncertainties. This research contributes to advancing the understanding and application of neutrosophic hexagonal numbers in decision sciences, offering a valuable tool for analyzing complex systems where uncertainty plays a significant roleItem On the Bounds of the Second Fuzzy Zagreb Index in Fuzzy Graphs(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Talha Ishaq (FA20-BSM-034) : Mehrab Saeed (FA20-BSM-046); Dr. M. Faisal Nadeem; LHR TP 9918This project explores the fuzzy Zagreb topological indices within the framework of fuzzy graph theory, focusing on their applications and significance in various real-world scenar ios. Fuzzy graph theory, an extension of classical graph theory, accommodates the concepts of uncertainty and imprecision, which are inherent in many practical situations. This study begins by introducing the fundamental concepts of fuzzy sets and fuzzy graphs, as pio neered by Zadeh and Rosenfeld. In the first chapter, we discuss the basic definitions of graph theory. In the second chapter, we go through a history or literature review. In the third chapter, we have discussed the second Zagreb indices and their main results. In the fourth chapter, we have mentioned the conclusion of our project. The research then delves into the specific domain of fuzzy Zagreb indices, including both the first and second indices, and their roles in analyzing and predicting properties of fuzzy graphs. These indices provide a robust mathematical approach for handling complex systems characterized by fuzziness. The project presents detailed definitions, theorems, and proofs related to the second Zagreb index for various fuzzy graph structures, includ ing fuzzy path graphs, cycle graphs, wheel graphs, star graphs, complete bipartite graphs, complete graphs, and Petersen graphs. Asignificant portion of the study is dedicated to calculating the second Zagreb index for different fuzzy graph models, supported by illustrative examples. These examples demon strate the practical application of theoretical concepts, providing a clear understanding of how fuzzy Zagreb indices can be utilized to solve problems in fields such as chemistry, ix pharmaceutical engineering, and network analysis. Overall, this project contributes to the field of fuzzy graph theory by offering com prehensive insights into fuzzy Zagreb indices, their theoretical underpinnings, and their practical applications. The findings highlight the importance of these indices in modeling and analyzing systems where traditional crisp graph approaches are inadequate, thus paving the way for further research and development in fuzzy systems and their applications.