M.Phil / MS
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repository.cuilahore.edu.pk/handle/123456789/60
This collection archives the complete set of theses produced by students of the COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus.
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Item Synthesis and Characterization of Metal and Natural Fibers Based Bendable Electrodes for Zinc Ion Battery Applications(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Sheeza Musarrat; CIIT/SP24-RPH-008/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 10121This study aims to address the inherent limitations of conventional zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) through the development of flexible and mechanically robust zinc-derived composite electrodes suitable for affordable, eco-friendly, and high-performance energy storage systems. Owing to their low cost, high safety, non-flammable aqueous electrolytes, environmental benignity, and high theoretical capacity, zinc-ion batteries have emerged as promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries for next-generation energy storage applications. Despite these advantages, the intrinsic brittleness and limited mechanical flexibility of zinc-based electrodes restrict their practical implementation in flexible, lightweight, and wearable devices. To overcome this challenge, current research efforts are directed toward reinforcing active materials with natural fibers(NF)/lignocelluloses (LC) to construct composite electrode architectures. This strategy preserves the favorable electrochemical characteristics of zinc while simultaneously imparting mechanical flexibility, structural integrity, and deformation tolerance. In this work, NF-reinforced composite electrodes with different doping were synthesized and optimized using co-precipitation process. The resulting NF-reinforced composite electrodes exhibited significantly improved mechanical robustness without sacrificing electrochemical performance, thereby advancing their suitability for flexible and wearable zinc-ion battery applications. Beyond demonstrating the feasibility of NF-integrated flexible ZIBs, this study also examines the effect of different doping on the structural and electrochemical properties offering a sustainable and scalable pathway for enhanced next- generation electrode manufacturing.Item Synthesis and Characterization of Ag Based Flexible Paper Electrode for Energy Storage Applications(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Ishmal Irfan; CIIT/SP24-RPH-010/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 10122The need for sustainable energy technology is fueled by the growing reliance on fossil fuels, which has resulted in significant environmental issues and resource depletion. Even though the use of renewable energy sources is growing quickly, reliable and effective energy storage systems are necessary for their successful implementation. Supercapacitors extended cycle life, high power density, and quick charge-discharge capability have made them attractive options. The creation of flexible and sustainable electrode materials by turning environmental trash into components with added value for energy storage applications is the main goal of this thesis. Co-precipitation was used to create silver oxide (Ag2O) nanoparticles, which demonstrated outstanding electrochemical performance, reaching a specific capacitance of 801 F·g⁻¹ at current densities close to 12 A·g⁻¹. A binder-free, three-dimensional, free- standing Ag-based flexible paper electrode was created by using natural fibers generated from banana peels as an inexpensive and renewable substrate for the direct development of Ag2O nanoparticles. The resultant LC/Ag2O composite electrode (1:1 ratio) showed outstanding cycle stability, low charge-transfer resistance, good rate capability, and a high specific capacitance of 623 F·g⁻¹. Ag2O was successfully formed and uniformly integrated inside the fibrous matrix, as validated by structural, morphological, optical, and chemical characterization utilizing XRD, Raman, UV-Vis, FTIR, and SEM. For next-generation flexible and wearable supercapacitor applications, the new flexible electrode architecture highlights a scalable and environmentally sustainable approach by providing effective ion transport and mechanical robustness.Item Development of Tungsten Sulfide Based Compact Paper Electrodes for Supercapacitor Application(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2024) Zubair Ashiq; CIIT/SP23-RPH-013/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 9634The increasing need for advanced energy storage devices has prompted research into novel electrode materials for supercapacitors. This work examines the advancement of miniature flexible electrodes composed of tungsten sulphide(WS2), a material recognized for its outstanding electrical conductivity, layered structure, and electrochemical stability. A WS2 composite was created and utilized to construct efficient electrode structures, capitalizing on its flexibility, lightweight characteristics, and economical materials. Thorough electrochemical assessments, including cyclic voltammetry, charge-discharge cycling, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, were performed to analyses the performance of these electrodes in terms of capacitance, energy density, power density, and cycle life. The WS2-coated flexible electrodes exhibited exceptional charge storage capacity, rapid ion transit, and improved durability, rendering them appropriate for high-performance supercapacitor applications. This study introduces an innovative method for utilizing WS2 in the creation of economical, versatile, and eco-friendly energy storage systems, suitable for wearable electronics, portable devices, and renewable energy technologies.Item Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Sulfide and Natural Fiber Based Flexible Composites for Energy StorageApplications(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2024) Waris Ali; CIIT/SP23-RPH-012/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 9633The growing global demand for energy has placed immense pressure on current energy sources, which are insufficient to sustain our modern way of living. To address this challenge, the development of efficient, flexible, and sustainable energy storage systems is essential for replacing nonrenewable energy sources. Among various materials, iron sulfides have emerged as promising candidates due to their industrial relevance and versatility in advanced applications, including energy storage, photovoltaics, sensors, catalysis, and electronics. Their widespread use is attributed to their abundance, cost- effectiveness, and impressive electrochemical performance. In this study, iron sulfide (FeS2) is synthesized using a microwave-assisted chemical method and co-precipitation technique, which offer significant advantages over traditional methods that often involve multiple synthesis steps, high-temperature treatments, or the use of hazardous and costly solvents. A novel, flexible paper electrode for supercapacitors is fabricated by combining FeS2 with corn fibers (lignocellulose), a natural, abundant, and renewable biomass material. Lignocellulose, consisting of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, is a fibrous, non-starchy material that holds great potential due to its sustainability and eco-friendly nature. The fabricated flexible paper electrode is characterized using various advanced techniques to evaluate its electrochemical properties, flexibility, and overall performance. The integration of natural biomass with iron sulfide provides a green, low-cost, and scalable approach to energy storage systems, positioning this technology as a promising solution for meeting future energy demands.Item An Efficient Energy Storage Electrode from Conversion of MOFs (Metal Organic Framework) to CNTs (Carbon Nanotubes) on Green Template(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2022) Sidra Zafar; CIIT/FA20-RPH-036/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 7993The bulk energy density of wood chips may be between 40 and 50 percent that of solid wood. If wood chips are to be reliably utilized in combustion equipment, especially small-scale and residential equipment, they must meet an appropriate quality requirement. It continues to be the most significant renewable energy source today, contributing around 6% of the world's total primary energy output. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline porous organic- inorganic hybrid materials with a remarkably high interior surface area. Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical molecules made of sheets of single-layer carbon atoms that have been wrapped up (graphene).The in-situ growth of CNT’s under optimized set of conditions can be achieved by calcinations of Metal organic framework (MOF).The current synthesis will be done by hydrothermal and pyrolysis process. Deposition of MOF will be done by vacuum. The resulted Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be well aligned embedded with green template. MOF is converted into CNTs by using carbonization method. The composition of the sample was investigated by different characterization techniques such as Raman spectroscopy and functional group observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, while the electrochemical properties were studied by cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The Specific capacitance value is 1938.4207 Fg-1 show the enhancement of conductivity.Item Development of Manganese based Flexible Electrodes for Zinc-Ion Battery Applications(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2021) Muhammad Sajjad; CIIT/SP19-RPH-017/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 7258In recent years, flexible and electrically rechargeable zinc-ion batteries have received considerable attention due to their low cost, lightweight nature, and high energy density. This concern is encouraging stunning research on flexible rechargeable zinc batteries. Due to the high energy density of zinc-ion batteries, researchers have tried to improve the mechanism behind a zinc electrode(anode: a separator and electrolyte, which can be used to make a battery that will charge the battery and the electrolyte that will charge the battery). Manganese based materials have gained attention due to their abundance, long life cycle, low cost, and high energy density. MnO2 nanorods can create flexible electrodes for applications in batteries. The preparation of progressive bifunctional electrocatalysts based on textile fiber to produce solid-state zinc-ion batteries will meet the future demands of flexible devices, including those that are already in use in the United States and other countries.Item Fabrication and Characterization of Zinc Sulfide and Natural Fibers Based Flexible Composite for Energy Storage Application(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2021) Muhammad Ansar; CIIT/SP19-RPH-018/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 7255Metal Sulfides are commonly employed as an electrode for energy storage applications due to versatile characteristics of high-power density and cycling stability in comparison of metal oxides. Among metal sulfides, zinc sulfide is promising due to facile synthesis and wide potential window. However, zinc sulfide based electrodes are limited to employ in modern bendable/flexible energy storage devices due to inherited rigid structure. Lignocelluloses (LC) fibers known as natural fibers can incorporate flexible matrix for zinc sulfide nanostructure to develop flexible and environmentally safe paper electrode for energy storage applications. Presented research shows successful fabrication of zinc sulfide nanostructure via facile microwave assisted method and developed bendable ZnS/LC composite paper sheets. Furthermore, fabricated composition sheet is successfully prepared and analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectroscopy, Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) characterizations for energy storage applications.Item Design and Development of Graphene Oxide Loaded Chitosan Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Regeneration(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2020) AMERAHA BINT E ISHFAQ; CIIT/SP19-RPH-005/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 6368Carbon-based nanomaterials (graphene oxide) are well known for their biomedical applications especially skin tissue regeneration, due to their potential to where they support angiogenesis, their good solution uptake ability, and antibacterial activities. The development of cost-effective chitosan-based materials that can support angiogenesis to tissue healing is highly desired to prepare advanced scaffolds using nanomaterials. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of prepared scaffolds to support angiogenesis towards tissue regeneration. Different composites of chitosan and graphene oxide were prepared by the freeze gelation method. During this process different low concentrations of graphene oxide in-situ in the chitosan solution stirred to get the homogenous solution. The synthesized composite scaffolds were then characterized for their structural, chemical and mechanicals analysis using FTIR and Tensile technique. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of chitosan functional groups in every scaffolds. Universal Fatigue testing results shows the tensile strength (MPa) and elongation at break (%) was increasing while increasing the concentration to the chitosan. All these experiments confirm that these membranes are suitable to use for tissue regeneration and wound healing applications.Item Fabrication and Characterization of Nanostructured Metal Sulfide/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite Electrodes for High Performance Supercapacitor(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2020) SHEHAR BANO; CIIT/SP19-RPH-003/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 6367In era of the modern energy storage technology fast charging in parallel to better cycling stability are required demands from the industrial market. Energy shortage around the world is currently emerging as a vital subject to be resolved. The rapid demand for energy usage leads the research path, along with ease of utility, towards the production of highly functional energy devices. Modern industries are striving to achieve highly effective, light-weight, portable and environment friendly energy storage devices like batteries and supercapacitors to meet the current energy demands. Thus, paper electrodes play a vital role for modern flexible, light-weight and portable component of such devices. Herein, the research work presents synthesis of materials and fabrication of environment friendly, flexible, light-weight paper electrodes for supercapacitor. Natural fibers extracted from self-growing plants corn incorporate to provide mechanical stability to acts as non-toxic natural binders for electrode development. Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) is renowned for better cycling stability however lacks fast charging due to low surface area and poor electronic conductivity. Nanostructured metal sulfides e.g. Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) can provide the high surface area to enhance the kinetics required for fast charging. Presented study is an attempt to fabricate MoS2/rGO composite materials for the development of high power density and better cyclic stability electrode for supercapacitor application. MoS2 synthesized through hydrothermal method and Reduced Graphene oxide is prepared after Graphene oxide is synthesized through Modified Hummer method is further reduced thermally to obtain reduced graphene oxide. MoS2/rGO composite is prepared through hydrothermal method. Corn fibers are incorporated to MoS2/rGO acted as natural binder for fabrication of paper electrodes. The developed electrodes were investigated and compared for energy storage applications through electrochemical analysis including cyclic voltammetry and Galvanostatic charge discharge testing via 3-electrode system. Other characterizations (FTIR, Raman, and SEM) were under processed due to covid 19 (for analyzing the developed material and its composite). Overall analysis confirms the successful formation of material and composite. The electrode showed excellent electrochemical response with specific capacitance and good cyclic stability. Further utility for symmetric or asymmetric supercapacitor could be done accordingly. Therefore, the prepared electrodes are moderate to utilize in energy storage applications.Item Extraction of Activated Carbon and Synthesis of Nickel Sulfide based Electrode for Supercapattery Application(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2020) Mizna Naseem; CIIT/SP19-RPH-001/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Aamir Razaq; LHR TP 6365Supercapattery is a combination of battery and supercapacitor in which one electrode is of battery and another electrode is of supercapacitor. The purpose of this study is to combine the merits of both supercapacitor and rechargeable battery into composite or uniquely structured material for making high performance electrode which can posse high energy-density as much as the battery output a power almost as high as supercapacitor. Activated carbon used as battery electrode is prepared from biomass(orange peel).Activated carbon is extracted from orange peel. Nickel Sulfide used as supercapacitor electrode is also prepared by microwave method. Nickel Sulfide is prepared by using thiourea and Nickel acetate. This is carried out by microwave method. The extracted activated carbon and synthesized nickel sulfide were analyzed for chemical and structural analysis by electrochemical measurements. During this process NiS and LC fiber sheets are also prepared. The CV results shows distinctive redox reactions. As scan rate is increased current is also increased. FTIR was also performed. FTIR was performed to check functional groups. All these characterization techniques confirm that activated carbon and nickel Sulfide are environmentally friendly materials.