Biological Active Hydrogels with Efficient Drug Delivery Potential by B-O/-N Co-ordination for the Treatment of Periodontitis

Abstract

Periodontitis, an infection-induced inflammatory state affecting the gums, poses a substantial peril to periodontal tissues, potentially culminating in tooth loss and broader ramifications for health. Addressing this formidable challenge necessitates the development of a proficient system adept at combating bacteria and fostering tissue regeneration. In the present investigation, biologically potent self-repairing hydrogels were engineered, incorporating anti-inflammatory agents and antimicrobial polymeric carbon dots (PCDs). The PCDs exhibited the capacity for intracellular penetration, and those functionalized with the antibiotic Metronidazole demonstrated efficacy against E. coli and S. aureus, rendering them potent antibacterial agents capable of eradicating bacteria residing within cells.

The hydrogel synthesis encompassed biologically active polymers such as gelatine and polyvinyl alcohol, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory gallic acid, and regenerative ceramics hydroxyapatite. The ratio of crosslinkers glutaraldehyde and borax was fine-tuned to instill the requisite self-repairing attributes into the hydrogels. Rheological analysis of the prepared hydrogels revealed enhanced mechanical properties with the incorporation of PCDs, evidenced by an increase in the critical strain ratio from 41% to 180%, self-healing reaching 88%, and a reduction in viscosity to 11 Pas. The hydrogels exhibited a swelling ratio of 130%, with sustained drug release, 49% of Gallic acid, and 61% of MCDs in 17 days, indicating prolonged therapeutic effects, while water contact angle measurements affirmed the essential hydrophilicity facilitating cellular attachment. Degradation studies substantiated the biodegradable nature of the hydrogels. In summary, thorough characterizations affirm the safe and efficacious utilization of hydrogels in the treatment of periodontitis, devoid of adverse effects.