Department of Chemistry
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Item Bioactivity of Herbal Extracts use as Antidiabetic and Anticancer drugs(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2024) Rabia Nawaz; FA22-R06-016; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 9327Plants are essential for human well-being, providing vital resources and medicinal benefits. This study focused on a medicinal plant Salvadora oleoides, investigating its potential as antidiabetic and anticancer agents. Synthetic drugs have limitations, while herbal medicines offer safer alternative research. Current study aimed to find effective and safe phytoconstituents to replace synthetic drugs. Different extracts were obtained through sequential extraction using methanol, acetonitrile and 2-propanol. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of key chemical constituents. A multimodal approach was used, including in vivo CAM assay on fertilized eggs, albino rat experiments. The study evaluated Salvadora oleoides' ability to stop cancer cell proliferation and trigger apoptosis in a physiological setting, providing new insights into its anticancer potential. Additionally, tests were conducted on blood glucose regulation in albino rats. The 500mg/ml of 2-propanol extract showed significant antidiabetic activity, with inhibition rates of 83%. The antiangiogenic activity of extracts was evaluated using the CAM assay. The methanol extracts at 1000µg/ml showed significant potential with a 57.91% inhibition rate. The positive control, Sorafenib, exhibited a significant inhibition rate of 58.89%. The 500mg/ml of 2 propanol extract showed significant antidiabetic activity, with inhibition rates of 83%. The results suggest Salvadora oleoides's potential as a natural treatment for cancer and diabetes. The results showed that extracts of Salvadora oleoides extract with 2- propanol has highest antidiabetic activity. Overall, the results highlighted the superior synergistic anti-diabetic and anti-angiogenic potential of the methanol and 2-propanol extracts in comparison to the acetonitrile extract, suggesting their suitability for the development of natural antidiabetic and antiangiogenic agents.Item Identification of Gelatin Sources in Commercial Products from Super Markets(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Sadia Nasim; FA22-R06-012; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 9310Gelatin is a colourless, tasteless biopolymer protein derived from animals’ tissue and carcass. It has various commercial applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industry. Common gelatin origins are bovine, porcine and marine animals. Ethnic and religious ‘believes are attached with gelatin sources for Muslims and Jews, where halal authenticity is crucial for Muslims. Gelatin derived from porcine, and bovine have similar physical appearance and taste and identification of these gelatin source origin are challenging. Pakistan is a dominant Muslim population country, and several imported products are displayed in supermarkets for consumers, which are not labelled with the source of gelatin. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the authenticity of products circulating in local market. In this study, 16 samples of local and international brands were collected from leading departmental stores of different parts of Lahore city. Gelatin from commercial samples were extracted with cold acetone method, separated with centrifuge and stored at -20°C. The separated gelatin was again dissolved in water for characterization studies. FTIR was used with the combination of chemometrics. The results showed characteristic peaks in two windows of 1470–1475 cm−1 and 1444–1450 cm−1. The further identification of all samples was done by ELISA. This study indicated doubts of adulteration in three imported products with no-halal logo printed, while one product showed the poultry source of chicken skin. All these four products were edible food products.Item Synthesis and Utility of Chitosan-Aloe Vera based Bioflocculant Composite for Cleaning Industrial Effluents(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Momina Arshad; SP23-R06-014; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 9461Lack of fresh water and pollution have become some of the most serious problems in the global community due to ambitious industrialization, development and increased human population. This research aims at the synthesis of a chitosan/Aloe vera bio flocculant composite with a view of providing a green technology for wastewater treatment. The primary application covers the reduction of metal and non-metallic pollutants through adsorption processes. This study provides the details for the synthesis of the bio-flocculant composite that includes extraction of the Aloe vera gel, preparation of the chitosan solution and cross linking of the two components with glutaraldehyde in order to get a stable product. FTIR analysis of the samples was done to determine functional groups present in the material obtained while XRD and UV-Vis studies were used to analyze the material. The FTIR spectra identified hydroxyl (-OH), amine (-NH) and carbonyl (C=O) groups that are essential in adsorption. Changes in the microstructure, which comprised only a small volume of crystalline phase and a large portion of amorphous phase, contributed to the improvement of water absorption. UV-Vis spectroscopy proved the material’s efficiency to adsorb contaminants which revealed considerable decrease of their concentrations. Adsorption results were as follows: chromium at 75.26%, copper at 77.32%, and nickel at 68.4% of removal efficiency. The findings presented here underscore the applicability of the composite for treatment of multi-stream wastewaters. The research also confirms other benefits that emanate from the use of bio-flocculants compared to chemical coagulants, namely biodegradability, low toxic effect, and low generation of sludge. The addition of Aloe vera and chitosan improves ix the adsorption capacity of the composite without compromising the environmental factor. Considering the resulted innovations, plant-based and biodegradable materials, including the developed composite, have tremendous potential for application at large industrial and municipal scale in wastewater treatment. This research adds to the existing literature on green water treatment technology as well as offers a base on which subsequent studies involving plant- and biopolymer derived materials can be grounded.Item Determination and Detoxification of Aflatoxins in Food and Animal Feed(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2022-02-26) Muhammad Zain-ul-Hassan; FA20-R06-009; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 7880Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi that cause food contamination, sickness, and have a significant impact on both animal and human health. Aspergillus species create aflatoxins, which are dangerous mycotoxins. The purpose of this study was to determine the amounts of aflatoxins in food and animal feed samples. A total of 30 food samples including (White rice, Brown rice, Pistachio, Almonds, Peanuts) and 30 Broiler feed samples including (Starter, Grower, Finisher) were gathered from food and broiler farms. Contamination was discovered in 44 samples using the Thin Liquid Chromatography (TLC) method and Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), with 10 (33%) being contaminated beyond the allowed level and 14 (47%) being contaminated within the permissible range. The reduction in Aflatoxins level both in food and animal feed samples was observed by using different physical methods including heating which showed about 88% degradation of Aflatoxins in food samples and about 65.8% in animal feed samples, Gamma radiations up to 10kGy showed degradation up to 45% in food and 51% in feed samples and chemical method showed 96.6% degradation of Aflatoxins in food samples and 95.5% degradation in animal feed samples by applying ammonia concentration up to 2%. This study found that food and broiler feed samples taken from different farms were contaminated, possibly due to poor food and feed storage conditions. It is suggested that authorities require improved storage conditions and regular monitoring in order to decrease aflatoxins contamination.Item Use of Plant Biomass to Reduce Peroxide Value and Free Fatty Acids of Used Cooking Oil(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2026-02-26) Kalsoom Fatima; SP20-R06-004; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 7559The refining of used cooking oil (UCO) and its conversion into useful product is the need of the time. Degradation and spoiling of cooking oil due to oxidation, hydrolysis and polymerization which depends upon frying cycles, frying time and high temperature. Use of damaged cooking oil is dangerous for human consumption and causes various health issues like heart problem, renal and liver disorders in the long run. Different synthetic inorganic adsorbent such as silica gel, magnesium oxide, aluminum hydroxide and activated clay are used in recycling of UCOs. Bio-adsorbents are fresh idea to prepare adsorbents from different biomass like bagasse, coconut husk, rice husk, pineapple dregs, soft wood, and corncob. The treatment of UCOs with biomass bagasse gives better results and a cheap source adsorbent. Sugarcane bagasse is used because of its low cost, quick growth, broad cultivation. Easy availability of Bagasse made from sugarcane includes 50% cellulose, 25% hemicelluloses, and 25% lignin. High carbon content is present in the bagasse, which is one of the key reasons for its effectiveness as an adsorbent. The FFAs and peroxide values has been reduced by applying bio adsorbent obtained from the bagasse. The adsorption potential of AC derived from bagasse for FFAs and PV in WCOs was examined using an adsorption process with various operational parameters such as pH, adsorbent masses, and agitation time. To assess the structural examination of the material and functional groups, AC was analyzed using XRD and FTIR, respectively. For adsorbent synthesis bagasse was heated with 0.1N solution of NaOH at 250℃ and 500RPM. Then for oil treatment used cooking oil (50 mL) was heated at 110°C for 10 minutes then added different adsorbent masses such as 2,3 and 4g and set on stirring top at 500 RPM for 30 minutes for FFA. After that same process is followed by using different agitation time like 250, 500 and 750 RPM instead of adsorbent mass. At 750 rpm and 4g adsorbent mass, the best results were obtained.Item Evaluation of Thermal Processing of Commercially Available Milk Brands in Lahore A(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2021-02-25) Ayesha; SP20-R06-019; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 7573Raw milk and commercially available milk samples were tested for the alkaline phosphatase activity to evaluate the efficacy of the pasteurization of milk. A colorimetric assay used for the kinetic determination of serum alkaline phosphatase was employed to detect ALP in the targeted samples. The colorimetric assay uses p-nitrophenyl phosphate as the reaction substrate. When ALP acts upon this substrate, it breaks down into a phosphate group and p-nitrophenol which produces the characteristic yellow color in the solution. The increase in absorbance of the solution measured at 405 nm is directly related to the ALP activity in the respective sample. Sample solution and reagents were mixed well and then subjected to spectrophotometric readings using 405 nm. Three raw milk samples were tested firstly as a whole and then after fat removal through centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 30 min. Seven UHT and three naturally pasteurized commercial milk samples available in the local market were used for the ALP detection in this study. Significant values for ALP activity in raw milk samples were observed whereas, for all the pasteurized samples, the test was observed to be negative. This negative result for the pasteurized samples indicated that effective pasteurization was carried out before the milk was packed to be sold in the market. Casein is the major protein found in milk in the concentration of 35g/L. It exists in the form of a heterogeneous mixture of phosphorous-containing proteins. It is a slow-digesting dairy protein that reduces muscle breakdown and improves recovery and muscle growth. In addition to the ALP activity determination, casein isolation and measurement were also carried out in 1 raw milk sample and all the 10 pasteurized samples. The obtained mean value of casein was 3.43g per 100 ml of milk sample, whereas the values for standard deviation and relative standard deviation were 0.08 and 2.54 respectively. Based on the negative results for ALP and actual yield of casein found to be closer to the theoretical yield for all the samples it can be suggested that all of the targeted milk brands were safe to be consumedItem Recycling of Waste Cooking Oil into Multifunctional Additives for Lubricants(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2021-02-25) Muhammad Sikandar; SP20-R06-016; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 7570The recycling of waste cooking oils has been focused to build up cost-effective and multifunctional additives. Edible oils are most commonly used in kitchen as well as commercially. Animal fats and vegetable oils are the different sources used worldwide to collect edible oils. Vegetable oil utilization in 2019 has arrived at 204.88 million metric tons and this figure is expanding at a speed of 2% every year. Out of the absolute utilization just 20-30% is reused and when user discarded WCO, it causes problems for the environment and human health ultimately. It is recommended that WCOs can be used as helpful wellsprings of synthetic substances for the creation of bio plasticizers. In view of this, there is a need to develop technique / method to remove these harmful substances as well as to reuse the waste cooking oil as useful lubricant to fabricate multifunctional additives. To get this, we have used toluene as a solvent, Stearyl methacrylate polymer as well as palm oil as waste cooking oil. By using different molar concentration of above mentioned materials, different properties such as viscosity, viscosity index, pour point and flash point of synthesized additives has been investigated. Enhanced impact of above mentioned properties has been observed in the synthesized additives. Their physico-chemical properties has been assessed by different techniques.Item Development Of Indigenous Adsorbent Material to Reduce Toxicants from Used Cooking Oils(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2021-02-25) Perveen Kanwal; SP20-R06-018; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 7572Modern research aims to use eco-friendly and indigenous materials for purification of used cooking oils. In this context, clay has gained significant importance and applied as an Eco compatible and low-cost resource. The effects of indigenous adsorbents were examined by determining the following quality parameters: acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), density and viscosity. Indigenous adsorbents with different ratio as 2:8, 4:6, 5:5 and 8:2 was formed by coprecipitation method. Fuller’s earth-China clay material is activated by acid to check its enhanced capability. The surface area and pore size of adsorbents are increased after treatment with organic acid, which absorb more impurities. The experiments showed that the oil is suitable for consumption after the purification by fuller’s earth-China clay composites material with the help of filtration method. Free fatty acid value before treatment was 2.98% and after treatment FFA value is 0.91% which shows 70% FFA value recovery Peroxide value before treatment was 45miliequ/1000 and after treatment by adsorbent is 10milliequ/1000 that is 77% recovery rate. After treatment of used cooking by adsorbents produced about 80% to 85% fresh oil. Characterization of prepared indigenous adsorbents is done by FTIR, XRD, SEM and BET which confirm its efficiency for oil purification.Item Efficacy of Linseeds for the Removal of Biofilm in Diabetic Foot Isolates(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2020-02-23) Mualla Haroon; FA18-R06-024; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 6502Flaxseed is beneficial for the human consumption as it contains omega-3 fatty acids, alpha-linoleic acids, lignans, and valuable fibers. It helps in the reduction of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, cancer, arthritis, osteoporosis and neurological disorders. The proximate composition of flaxseed determines that it contains 80% globulins and 20% glutein. Flax contains almost 20% of fiber. Flax contains both soluble and insoluble fibers which are almost 20:80 and 40:60. Flaxseeds have a great medicinal effect. It helps in the treatment of various diseases especially diabetes. This research work focuses on the antimicrobial activity of Linseeds and above all the major focus was to treat the foot ulcer of diabetic patient by using Linseed extract. The foot bandages of these patients were collected and thus treated with extract to kill microorganisms present on it. Antimicrobial activity was carried out in a Laminar flow to keep germs away from the working area. Similarly, the bandages were also kept in close plastic bags to avoid contamination. Proximate analysis confirms moisture content 8.33 %, ash content 4.33 %, crude protein 21.20 %, crude fat 49.2% and crude fiber 5.63%. It was revealed that gram positive bacteria are most prevalent among all study groups. Linseed extract possess significant bactericidal potential against s. aureus among all other microbes. Owing to this potential, linseed coated bandages can be used alternatively for the treatment of diabetic foot. The present research work emphases on the health benefits of Linseeds and its application in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcer. The development of linseed bandages should be initiated as future medicine for patients having diabetic foot ulcers.Item Development of Bio-Degradable Films from Fish Wastes(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2020-02-20) Nasir Ali; FA18-R06-034; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 6505Presented research proposal comprises on the extraction of Gelatin from different fish waste materials like skin, bones and scales. Gelatin is mostly used in different food recipes to develop flavor and texture. Rohu fish gelatin is an excellent replacement to artificial plastics for making films to prevent food contamination. In this context, fish gelatin is getting commercial interest due to high collagen content, diverse gelatin and generation of low environmental pollution ultimately. Different extraction procedures based on acidic and alkaline methods will be employed to get good gelatin yield for the development of decomposable gelatin films (Thin layers) for packaging materials. Finally, an extracted gelatin will be characterized by UV, FTIR and XRD.