Department of Chemistry
Permanent URI for this communityhttps://repository.cuilahore.edu.pk/handle/123456789/14
Browse
4 results
Search Results
Item Use of Plant Biomass to Reduce Peroxide Value and Free Fatty Acids of Used Cooking Oil(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2026-02-26) Kalsoom Fatima; SP20-R06-004; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 7559The refining of used cooking oil (UCO) and its conversion into useful product is the need of the time. Degradation and spoiling of cooking oil due to oxidation, hydrolysis and polymerization which depends upon frying cycles, frying time and high temperature. Use of damaged cooking oil is dangerous for human consumption and causes various health issues like heart problem, renal and liver disorders in the long run. Different synthetic inorganic adsorbent such as silica gel, magnesium oxide, aluminum hydroxide and activated clay are used in recycling of UCOs. Bio-adsorbents are fresh idea to prepare adsorbents from different biomass like bagasse, coconut husk, rice husk, pineapple dregs, soft wood, and corncob. The treatment of UCOs with biomass bagasse gives better results and a cheap source adsorbent. Sugarcane bagasse is used because of its low cost, quick growth, broad cultivation. Easy availability of Bagasse made from sugarcane includes 50% cellulose, 25% hemicelluloses, and 25% lignin. High carbon content is present in the bagasse, which is one of the key reasons for its effectiveness as an adsorbent. The FFAs and peroxide values has been reduced by applying bio adsorbent obtained from the bagasse. The adsorption potential of AC derived from bagasse for FFAs and PV in WCOs was examined using an adsorption process with various operational parameters such as pH, adsorbent masses, and agitation time. To assess the structural examination of the material and functional groups, AC was analyzed using XRD and FTIR, respectively. For adsorbent synthesis bagasse was heated with 0.1N solution of NaOH at 250℃ and 500RPM. Then for oil treatment used cooking oil (50 mL) was heated at 110°C for 10 minutes then added different adsorbent masses such as 2,3 and 4g and set on stirring top at 500 RPM for 30 minutes for FFA. After that same process is followed by using different agitation time like 250, 500 and 750 RPM instead of adsorbent mass. At 750 rpm and 4g adsorbent mass, the best results were obtained.Item Evaluation of Thermal Processing of Commercially Available Milk Brands in Lahore A(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2021-02-25) Ayesha; SP20-R06-019; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 7573Raw milk and commercially available milk samples were tested for the alkaline phosphatase activity to evaluate the efficacy of the pasteurization of milk. A colorimetric assay used for the kinetic determination of serum alkaline phosphatase was employed to detect ALP in the targeted samples. The colorimetric assay uses p-nitrophenyl phosphate as the reaction substrate. When ALP acts upon this substrate, it breaks down into a phosphate group and p-nitrophenol which produces the characteristic yellow color in the solution. The increase in absorbance of the solution measured at 405 nm is directly related to the ALP activity in the respective sample. Sample solution and reagents were mixed well and then subjected to spectrophotometric readings using 405 nm. Three raw milk samples were tested firstly as a whole and then after fat removal through centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 30 min. Seven UHT and three naturally pasteurized commercial milk samples available in the local market were used for the ALP detection in this study. Significant values for ALP activity in raw milk samples were observed whereas, for all the pasteurized samples, the test was observed to be negative. This negative result for the pasteurized samples indicated that effective pasteurization was carried out before the milk was packed to be sold in the market. Casein is the major protein found in milk in the concentration of 35g/L. It exists in the form of a heterogeneous mixture of phosphorous-containing proteins. It is a slow-digesting dairy protein that reduces muscle breakdown and improves recovery and muscle growth. In addition to the ALP activity determination, casein isolation and measurement were also carried out in 1 raw milk sample and all the 10 pasteurized samples. The obtained mean value of casein was 3.43g per 100 ml of milk sample, whereas the values for standard deviation and relative standard deviation were 0.08 and 2.54 respectively. Based on the negative results for ALP and actual yield of casein found to be closer to the theoretical yield for all the samples it can be suggested that all of the targeted milk brands were safe to be consumedItem Recycling of Waste Cooking Oil into Multifunctional Additives for Lubricants(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2021-02-25) Muhammad Sikandar; SP20-R06-016; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 7570The recycling of waste cooking oils has been focused to build up cost-effective and multifunctional additives. Edible oils are most commonly used in kitchen as well as commercially. Animal fats and vegetable oils are the different sources used worldwide to collect edible oils. Vegetable oil utilization in 2019 has arrived at 204.88 million metric tons and this figure is expanding at a speed of 2% every year. Out of the absolute utilization just 20-30% is reused and when user discarded WCO, it causes problems for the environment and human health ultimately. It is recommended that WCOs can be used as helpful wellsprings of synthetic substances for the creation of bio plasticizers. In view of this, there is a need to develop technique / method to remove these harmful substances as well as to reuse the waste cooking oil as useful lubricant to fabricate multifunctional additives. To get this, we have used toluene as a solvent, Stearyl methacrylate polymer as well as palm oil as waste cooking oil. By using different molar concentration of above mentioned materials, different properties such as viscosity, viscosity index, pour point and flash point of synthesized additives has been investigated. Enhanced impact of above mentioned properties has been observed in the synthesized additives. Their physico-chemical properties has been assessed by different techniques.Item Development Of Indigenous Adsorbent Material to Reduce Toxicants from Used Cooking Oils(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2021-02-25) Perveen Kanwal; SP20-R06-018; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 7572Modern research aims to use eco-friendly and indigenous materials for purification of used cooking oils. In this context, clay has gained significant importance and applied as an Eco compatible and low-cost resource. The effects of indigenous adsorbents were examined by determining the following quality parameters: acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), density and viscosity. Indigenous adsorbents with different ratio as 2:8, 4:6, 5:5 and 8:2 was formed by coprecipitation method. Fuller’s earth-China clay material is activated by acid to check its enhanced capability. The surface area and pore size of adsorbents are increased after treatment with organic acid, which absorb more impurities. The experiments showed that the oil is suitable for consumption after the purification by fuller’s earth-China clay composites material with the help of filtration method. Free fatty acid value before treatment was 2.98% and after treatment FFA value is 0.91% which shows 70% FFA value recovery Peroxide value before treatment was 45miliequ/1000 and after treatment by adsorbent is 10milliequ/1000 that is 77% recovery rate. After treatment of used cooking by adsorbents produced about 80% to 85% fresh oil. Characterization of prepared indigenous adsorbents is done by FTIR, XRD, SEM and BET which confirm its efficiency for oil purification.