M.Phil / MS
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repository.cuilahore.edu.pk/handle/123456789/30
This collection archives the complete set of theses produced by students of the COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus.
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Item Nutritional Evaluation of Fresh Vegetables as a Source of Water-Soluble Vitamins(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2023-02-27) Wishah Mahmood; SP22-R06-006; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 8645Water-soluble vitamins are imperative for good health because they work as cofactors and coenzymes in numerous metabolic processes. Long recognised as rich suppliers of these essential elements, fresh veggies are. With a focus on vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folate), and vitamin B12 (cobalamin), this study presents a thorough evaluation of fresh vegetables as a source of water-soluble vitamins. The study uses a multimodal strategy to examine the vitamin content in a variety of frequently consumed fresh vegetables, like Potato, Tomato and Cucumber. The Study includes laboratory studies, literature reviews, and dietary assessments. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a methodology used to precisely measure vitamin amounts. The findings show that water-soluble vitamins are certainly abundant in fresh vegetables, with notable differences in content between different vegetable types and species. Additionally, the influence of elements like climate, soil quality, and agricultural techniques on vitamin content is explored. This study emphasizes how crucial it is to include a variety of fresh vegetables in daily diets in order to maintain an appropriate intake of water-soluble vitamins, which are crucial for overall health and well-being. For nutritionists, dietitians, and consumers looking to maximize their vitamin intake through natural and sustainable food sources, it offers helpful insights. As a result of our research, it was noticed that the overall amount of WSVs in fresh vegetables available in Pakistan having satisfactory levels of these vitamins and met the prescribed values of FDA and WHO. Overall, it is reasonable to infer that ingesting a wide range of locally available fresh vegetables in different combinations might help in nutrient acquisition, perhaps reducing the need for food fortification and other forms of supplementation.Item Profiling of Nutritional Quality of Chicken Meat through Water-Soluble Vitamins(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2023-02-27) Mohammad Owais Aftab; CIIT/SP22-R06-019/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 8658The increasing worldwide population trend demands a fair increase in food sources to meet the vital requirements of masses. For the recognition of the significance of a nutritious diet, there is an increasing need for excellent protein sources, especially chicken meat. The dietary benefit of chicken meat was examined in this research in reference to water-soluble vitamins availability, which are essential elements to support human wellness and health. Water-soluble vitamin levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in chicken samples. The results obtained from HPLC analysis were below-in-line from the standard values recommended by WHO globally. Our dietary habits and cooking pattern may further deteriorate the essential vitamin levels in the chicken. Poultry industry is booming because of high consumption of chicken meat demand in the market, but on the other side, low nutrition pack cannot fulfil the dietary requirements. It is suggested that the poultry farmers should provide healthy feed ingredients for chicken intake which is ultimately beneficial for human consumption. The results obtained were not even 50% of recommended values, rather they were far away from the standard values which is evident how poor our diet is. In the end, this thesis aims to improve our knowledge of the nutritional content of chicken meat and how it contributes to human wellness, as well as laying the groundwork for upcoming studies, dietary recommendations, and environmentally friendly methods of raising chickens.Item Identification of Bioactive Phytoconstituents from Anti-hemorrhagic Herbal Mixture(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2023-02-26) Ali Hamza Sajid; FA21-R06-028; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 8458Plants are essential for human well-being, providing vital resources and medicinal benefits. This study focused on a herbal mixture comprising Nigella sativa (40%), Cassia senna (20%), Oscimum basilicum (20%), and Mentha piperita (20%), investigating their synergistic potential as anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic agents. Chronic ailments activate inflammatory and angiogenic pathways, causing swelling, pain, and bleeding. Synthetic drugs have limitations, while herbal medicines offer a safer alternative research Current studies aimed to find effective and safe phytoconstituents to replace synthetic drugs. Different extracts were obtained through sequential extraction using petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of key chemical constituents. HPLC confirmed that methanol extracts contained polyphenolic compounds such as quercetin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, m-coumaric acid, and sinapic acid, while the chloroform extracts contained phenolic compounds including quercetin, vanillic acid, benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, and cinnamic acid. The antiangiogenic activity of extracts was evaluated using the CAM assay. The methanol extracts at 1000μg/ml showed significant antiangiogenic activity with a 57.91% inhibition rate. The 500μg/ml concentration also showed significant potential with a 39.56% inhibition rate. The high dose of the chloroform extract displayed significant results, while the petroleum ether extract did not show significant effects. The positive control, Sorafenib, exhibited a significant inhibition rate of 55.89%. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema test. The 500mg/kg dose of the methanol and chloroform extracts showed significant anti-inflammatory effects, with inhibition rates of 93.49% and 78.35% respectively after 120 minutes. At 90 minutes, the methanol extract exhibited an inhibition rate of 86.79%, while the chloroform extract showed an inhibition rate of 71.84%. The 250mg/kg concentration of both extracts also displayed significant anti-inflammatory activity. The petroleum ether extract exhibited moderate anti-inflammatory activity only at the 500mg/kg concentration. Overall, the results highlighted the superior synergistic anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic potential of the methanol and chloroform extracts in comparison to the petroleum ether extract, suggesting their suitability for the development of natural anti-inItem Synthesis of Versatile Bio Adsorbent from Wheat Bran based Biomaterials to Clean Textile Wastewater(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2023-02-26) Atiya Mukhtar; FA21-R06-001/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 8439Textile industry is of the biggest water consumption industries globally which is generating a significant amount of wastewater with high level of pollutants. Outflow of textile effluent is a major issue in this era and it is becoming the considerable problem and health disasters for humans and other livings. The presented work is basically on the synthesis of unmodified and modified wheat bran as bio adsorbent material. The efficacy and adsorption capacity have increased significantly with activated charcoal and highlighted its application by using different parameters and frameworks for removal of CBB textile dyes have been tested. Commassie Brilliant blue dye has largely been used for staining and dying on protein fabric in textile industry. Removal of toxic dyes from textile wastewater in a modal water system has been checked experimentally for the efficiency of laboratory developed bio adsorbent. Several parameters were used like pH change, adsorbate concentration, adsorbent concentration, temperature and time and by changing these parameters significant variations were observed through % removal of CBB dye. For the characterization of mesostructured wheat bran and activated charcoal before and after adsorption by FTIR technique, UV-visible spectroscopy was used to measure absorption and find out percentage adsorption or removal of dye in wastewater samples.XRD was used to investigate average crystalline size. Bio adsorbent have removed 97% of organic dye named CBB R-250g through unmodified and modified wheat brans which proved good adsorption and reusability for minimum 0.1g/100ml of solution. This ecofriendly bio adsorbent can be used in bulk for cleaning the textile wastewater on industrial scale economically. In future, mega projects of cleaning waste water may be initiated in cosmopolitan areas by local Government municipality.Item Nutritional Evaluation of Selected Fresh Fruits as a Source of Water -soluble Vitamins to Meet Daily Required Intake(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2022-02-26) Misbah Murshid; SP21-R06-012; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 8031Apple, Banana, and Guava are the most widely accessible fresh fruits across the world. In this study, we analyzed the water-soluble vitamin content of Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (niacin), Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), Vitamin B9 (folic acid) and Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in these locally available fruits from Pakistan. Using a reversed-phase highperformance liquid chromato- graphic approach with isocratic elution, a comparative simultaneous quantitative analysis of these water-soluble vitamins is performed at 25◦C. Vitamins were separated chromato- graphically in a 50-minute run time at 1ml/min flow rate on an Agilent 5, TC-C18 (250 4.8mm, 5m) and Perkin Elmer Series 200 HPLC instrument with UV/Vis detection at a wavelength of 270nm using a mobile phase of Methanol and buffer solution (1 hexane sulfonic acid sodium salt solution with pH 4.3) at a fixed ratio of 15%:85% respectively. According to the findings of the analysis that these fruits provide a sufficient number of water-soluble vitamins, particularly vitamin C, which may significantly contribute to food security, nutrition, therapeutic effects, and health. However, except for Vitamin B3 (in Apples) and B9 (in Bananas), the percentage contribution to the DRI value of water- soluble vitamins in these fruits was lower than the recommended DRI levels. It is essential that the individual consume fruits in a varied manner in combination with other fruits thus preventing monotony and therefore ensuring a greater daily intake of these vital nutrients.Item Use of Adsorbents to Reduce Acrylamide Concentration in Fried Foods(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2022-02-26) Hafiz Abdul-Rahman; SP21-R06-019; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 8325Acrylamide (AA) is a molecule that has been the topic of discussion among researchers and policymakers for a significant amount of time over the past many years. A number of factors, including temperature, frying duration, pH, and oil quality, as well as the presence of reducing sugar and the amino acid asparagine, contribute to its creation. Cooking oil is used for all of the cooking processes, including frying, baking, and roasting. The number of frying cycles, the amount of time spent frying, and the temperature at which the food is cooked all have a role in the oxidation, hydrolysis, and polymerization processes that contribute to the degradation and spoilage of cooking oil. The ingestion of food prepared with spoiled cooking oil is harmful to human health and, over time, can lead to a variety of health problems, including difficulties relating to the heart, kidneys, and liver. In the process of recycling UCOs, many types of synthetic inorganic adsorbents, such as silica gel, magnesium oxide, aluminium hydroxide, and activated clay, are utilised. In a similar manner, it is essential to impose a great deal of effort in order to lessen the amount of AA that is present. This can be accomplished in one of two ways: either by controlling the amount of its precursors that are present in the product before it is processed, or by lowering the total amount of AA that is produced during the manufacturing process. Both of these methods are equally important. Sugarcane bagasse and China clay-fullers are used in various combinations (including 1:2, 2:2, and 2:1) to cleanse used frying oil and lower AA levels in fried foods. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to evaluate the structural investigation of the material and functional groups after Sugarcane bagasse and China clay-fullers earth had been formed and activated. French fries are evaluated for their acrylamide content using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Chromatographic separations were run on a 30 m long, 0.25 mm in diameter, 0.25 m in thickness DB-5MS column from Agilent Technologies, USA. As for the GC oven's settings, they were as follows: starting temperature 50 °C -3 °C min- 1- 100 °C -25 °C min-1 250 °C (5.0 min). An eight-minute solvent delay was used for the analyses. There was a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1 of helium utilised as the GC carrierItem Determination and Detoxification of Aflatoxins in Food and Animal Feed(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2022-02-26) Muhammad Zain-ul-Hassan; FA20-R06-009; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 7880Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi that cause food contamination, sickness, and have a significant impact on both animal and human health. Aspergillus species create aflatoxins, which are dangerous mycotoxins. The purpose of this study was to determine the amounts of aflatoxins in food and animal feed samples. A total of 30 food samples including (White rice, Brown rice, Pistachio, Almonds, Peanuts) and 30 Broiler feed samples including (Starter, Grower, Finisher) were gathered from food and broiler farms. Contamination was discovered in 44 samples using the Thin Liquid Chromatography (TLC) method and Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), with 10 (33%) being contaminated beyond the allowed level and 14 (47%) being contaminated within the permissible range. The reduction in Aflatoxins level both in food and animal feed samples was observed by using different physical methods including heating which showed about 88% degradation of Aflatoxins in food samples and about 65.8% in animal feed samples, Gamma radiations up to 10kGy showed degradation up to 45% in food and 51% in feed samples and chemical method showed 96.6% degradation of Aflatoxins in food samples and 95.5% degradation in animal feed samples by applying ammonia concentration up to 2%. This study found that food and broiler feed samples taken from different farms were contaminated, possibly due to poor food and feed storage conditions. It is suggested that authorities require improved storage conditions and regular monitoring in order to decrease aflatoxins contamination.Item Use of Plant Biomass to Reduce Peroxide Value and Free Fatty Acids of Used Cooking Oil(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2026-02-26) Kalsoom Fatima; SP20-R06-004; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 7559The refining of used cooking oil (UCO) and its conversion into useful product is the need of the time. Degradation and spoiling of cooking oil due to oxidation, hydrolysis and polymerization which depends upon frying cycles, frying time and high temperature. Use of damaged cooking oil is dangerous for human consumption and causes various health issues like heart problem, renal and liver disorders in the long run. Different synthetic inorganic adsorbent such as silica gel, magnesium oxide, aluminum hydroxide and activated clay are used in recycling of UCOs. Bio-adsorbents are fresh idea to prepare adsorbents from different biomass like bagasse, coconut husk, rice husk, pineapple dregs, soft wood, and corncob. The treatment of UCOs with biomass bagasse gives better results and a cheap source adsorbent. Sugarcane bagasse is used because of its low cost, quick growth, broad cultivation. Easy availability of Bagasse made from sugarcane includes 50% cellulose, 25% hemicelluloses, and 25% lignin. High carbon content is present in the bagasse, which is one of the key reasons for its effectiveness as an adsorbent. The FFAs and peroxide values has been reduced by applying bio adsorbent obtained from the bagasse. The adsorption potential of AC derived from bagasse for FFAs and PV in WCOs was examined using an adsorption process with various operational parameters such as pH, adsorbent masses, and agitation time. To assess the structural examination of the material and functional groups, AC was analyzed using XRD and FTIR, respectively. For adsorbent synthesis bagasse was heated with 0.1N solution of NaOH at 250℃ and 500RPM. Then for oil treatment used cooking oil (50 mL) was heated at 110°C for 10 minutes then added different adsorbent masses such as 2,3 and 4g and set on stirring top at 500 RPM for 30 minutes for FFA. After that same process is followed by using different agitation time like 250, 500 and 750 RPM instead of adsorbent mass. At 750 rpm and 4g adsorbent mass, the best results were obtained.Item Evaluation of Thermal Processing of Commercially Available Milk Brands in Lahore A(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2021-02-25) Ayesha; SP20-R06-019; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 7573Raw milk and commercially available milk samples were tested for the alkaline phosphatase activity to evaluate the efficacy of the pasteurization of milk. A colorimetric assay used for the kinetic determination of serum alkaline phosphatase was employed to detect ALP in the targeted samples. The colorimetric assay uses p-nitrophenyl phosphate as the reaction substrate. When ALP acts upon this substrate, it breaks down into a phosphate group and p-nitrophenol which produces the characteristic yellow color in the solution. The increase in absorbance of the solution measured at 405 nm is directly related to the ALP activity in the respective sample. Sample solution and reagents were mixed well and then subjected to spectrophotometric readings using 405 nm. Three raw milk samples were tested firstly as a whole and then after fat removal through centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 30 min. Seven UHT and three naturally pasteurized commercial milk samples available in the local market were used for the ALP detection in this study. Significant values for ALP activity in raw milk samples were observed whereas, for all the pasteurized samples, the test was observed to be negative. This negative result for the pasteurized samples indicated that effective pasteurization was carried out before the milk was packed to be sold in the market. Casein is the major protein found in milk in the concentration of 35g/L. It exists in the form of a heterogeneous mixture of phosphorous-containing proteins. It is a slow-digesting dairy protein that reduces muscle breakdown and improves recovery and muscle growth. In addition to the ALP activity determination, casein isolation and measurement were also carried out in 1 raw milk sample and all the 10 pasteurized samples. The obtained mean value of casein was 3.43g per 100 ml of milk sample, whereas the values for standard deviation and relative standard deviation were 0.08 and 2.54 respectively. Based on the negative results for ALP and actual yield of casein found to be closer to the theoretical yield for all the samples it can be suggested that all of the targeted milk brands were safe to be consumedItem Recycling of Waste Cooking Oil into Multifunctional Additives for Lubricants(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2021-02-25) Muhammad Sikandar; SP20-R06-016; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 7570The recycling of waste cooking oils has been focused to build up cost-effective and multifunctional additives. Edible oils are most commonly used in kitchen as well as commercially. Animal fats and vegetable oils are the different sources used worldwide to collect edible oils. Vegetable oil utilization in 2019 has arrived at 204.88 million metric tons and this figure is expanding at a speed of 2% every year. Out of the absolute utilization just 20-30% is reused and when user discarded WCO, it causes problems for the environment and human health ultimately. It is recommended that WCOs can be used as helpful wellsprings of synthetic substances for the creation of bio plasticizers. In view of this, there is a need to develop technique / method to remove these harmful substances as well as to reuse the waste cooking oil as useful lubricant to fabricate multifunctional additives. To get this, we have used toluene as a solvent, Stearyl methacrylate polymer as well as palm oil as waste cooking oil. By using different molar concentration of above mentioned materials, different properties such as viscosity, viscosity index, pour point and flash point of synthesized additives has been investigated. Enhanced impact of above mentioned properties has been observed in the synthesized additives. Their physico-chemical properties has been assessed by different techniques.