M.Phil / MS
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repository.cuilahore.edu.pk/handle/123456789/30
This collection archives the complete set of theses produced by students of the COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus.
Browse
22 results
Search Results
Item Nutritional Evaluation of Fresh Vegetables as a Source of Water-Soluble Vitamins(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2023-02-27) Wishah Mahmood; SP22-R06-006; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 8645Water-soluble vitamins are imperative for good health because they work as cofactors and coenzymes in numerous metabolic processes. Long recognised as rich suppliers of these essential elements, fresh veggies are. With a focus on vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folate), and vitamin B12 (cobalamin), this study presents a thorough evaluation of fresh vegetables as a source of water-soluble vitamins. The study uses a multimodal strategy to examine the vitamin content in a variety of frequently consumed fresh vegetables, like Potato, Tomato and Cucumber. The Study includes laboratory studies, literature reviews, and dietary assessments. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a methodology used to precisely measure vitamin amounts. The findings show that water-soluble vitamins are certainly abundant in fresh vegetables, with notable differences in content between different vegetable types and species. Additionally, the influence of elements like climate, soil quality, and agricultural techniques on vitamin content is explored. This study emphasizes how crucial it is to include a variety of fresh vegetables in daily diets in order to maintain an appropriate intake of water-soluble vitamins, which are crucial for overall health and well-being. For nutritionists, dietitians, and consumers looking to maximize their vitamin intake through natural and sustainable food sources, it offers helpful insights. As a result of our research, it was noticed that the overall amount of WSVs in fresh vegetables available in Pakistan having satisfactory levels of these vitamins and met the prescribed values of FDA and WHO. Overall, it is reasonable to infer that ingesting a wide range of locally available fresh vegetables in different combinations might help in nutrient acquisition, perhaps reducing the need for food fortification and other forms of supplementation.Item Bioactivity of Herbal Extracts use as Antidiabetic and Anticancer drugs(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2024) Rabia Nawaz; FA22-R06-016; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 9327Plants are essential for human well-being, providing vital resources and medicinal benefits. This study focused on a medicinal plant Salvadora oleoides, investigating its potential as antidiabetic and anticancer agents. Synthetic drugs have limitations, while herbal medicines offer safer alternative research. Current study aimed to find effective and safe phytoconstituents to replace synthetic drugs. Different extracts were obtained through sequential extraction using methanol, acetonitrile and 2-propanol. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of key chemical constituents. A multimodal approach was used, including in vivo CAM assay on fertilized eggs, albino rat experiments. The study evaluated Salvadora oleoides' ability to stop cancer cell proliferation and trigger apoptosis in a physiological setting, providing new insights into its anticancer potential. Additionally, tests were conducted on blood glucose regulation in albino rats. The 500mg/ml of 2-propanol extract showed significant antidiabetic activity, with inhibition rates of 83%. The antiangiogenic activity of extracts was evaluated using the CAM assay. The methanol extracts at 1000µg/ml showed significant potential with a 57.91% inhibition rate. The positive control, Sorafenib, exhibited a significant inhibition rate of 58.89%. The 500mg/ml of 2 propanol extract showed significant antidiabetic activity, with inhibition rates of 83%. The results suggest Salvadora oleoides's potential as a natural treatment for cancer and diabetes. The results showed that extracts of Salvadora oleoides extract with 2- propanol has highest antidiabetic activity. Overall, the results highlighted the superior synergistic anti-diabetic and anti-angiogenic potential of the methanol and 2-propanol extracts in comparison to the acetonitrile extract, suggesting their suitability for the development of natural antidiabetic and antiangiogenic agents.Item Identification of Gelatin Sources in Commercial Products from Super Markets(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Sadia Nasim; FA22-R06-012; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 9310Gelatin is a colourless, tasteless biopolymer protein derived from animals’ tissue and carcass. It has various commercial applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industry. Common gelatin origins are bovine, porcine and marine animals. Ethnic and religious ‘believes are attached with gelatin sources for Muslims and Jews, where halal authenticity is crucial for Muslims. Gelatin derived from porcine, and bovine have similar physical appearance and taste and identification of these gelatin source origin are challenging. Pakistan is a dominant Muslim population country, and several imported products are displayed in supermarkets for consumers, which are not labelled with the source of gelatin. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the authenticity of products circulating in local market. In this study, 16 samples of local and international brands were collected from leading departmental stores of different parts of Lahore city. Gelatin from commercial samples were extracted with cold acetone method, separated with centrifuge and stored at -20°C. The separated gelatin was again dissolved in water for characterization studies. FTIR was used with the combination of chemometrics. The results showed characteristic peaks in two windows of 1470–1475 cm−1 and 1444–1450 cm−1. The further identification of all samples was done by ELISA. This study indicated doubts of adulteration in three imported products with no-halal logo printed, while one product showed the poultry source of chicken skin. All these four products were edible food products.Item Synthesis and Utility of Chitosan-Aloe Vera based Bioflocculant Composite for Cleaning Industrial Effluents(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Momina Arshad; SP23-R06-014; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 9461Lack of fresh water and pollution have become some of the most serious problems in the global community due to ambitious industrialization, development and increased human population. This research aims at the synthesis of a chitosan/Aloe vera bio flocculant composite with a view of providing a green technology for wastewater treatment. The primary application covers the reduction of metal and non-metallic pollutants through adsorption processes. This study provides the details for the synthesis of the bio-flocculant composite that includes extraction of the Aloe vera gel, preparation of the chitosan solution and cross linking of the two components with glutaraldehyde in order to get a stable product. FTIR analysis of the samples was done to determine functional groups present in the material obtained while XRD and UV-Vis studies were used to analyze the material. The FTIR spectra identified hydroxyl (-OH), amine (-NH) and carbonyl (C=O) groups that are essential in adsorption. Changes in the microstructure, which comprised only a small volume of crystalline phase and a large portion of amorphous phase, contributed to the improvement of water absorption. UV-Vis spectroscopy proved the material’s efficiency to adsorb contaminants which revealed considerable decrease of their concentrations. Adsorption results were as follows: chromium at 75.26%, copper at 77.32%, and nickel at 68.4% of removal efficiency. The findings presented here underscore the applicability of the composite for treatment of multi-stream wastewaters. The research also confirms other benefits that emanate from the use of bio-flocculants compared to chemical coagulants, namely biodegradability, low toxic effect, and low generation of sludge. The addition of Aloe vera and chitosan improves ix the adsorption capacity of the composite without compromising the environmental factor. Considering the resulted innovations, plant-based and biodegradable materials, including the developed composite, have tremendous potential for application at large industrial and municipal scale in wastewater treatment. This research adds to the existing literature on green water treatment technology as well as offers a base on which subsequent studies involving plant- and biopolymer derived materials can be grounded.Item Profiling of Nutritional Quality of Chicken Meat through Water-Soluble Vitamins(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2023-02-27) Mohammad Owais Aftab; CIIT/SP22-R06-019/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 8658The increasing worldwide population trend demands a fair increase in food sources to meet the vital requirements of masses. For the recognition of the significance of a nutritious diet, there is an increasing need for excellent protein sources, especially chicken meat. The dietary benefit of chicken meat was examined in this research in reference to water-soluble vitamins availability, which are essential elements to support human wellness and health. Water-soluble vitamin levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in chicken samples. The results obtained from HPLC analysis were below-in-line from the standard values recommended by WHO globally. Our dietary habits and cooking pattern may further deteriorate the essential vitamin levels in the chicken. Poultry industry is booming because of high consumption of chicken meat demand in the market, but on the other side, low nutrition pack cannot fulfil the dietary requirements. It is suggested that the poultry farmers should provide healthy feed ingredients for chicken intake which is ultimately beneficial for human consumption. The results obtained were not even 50% of recommended values, rather they were far away from the standard values which is evident how poor our diet is. In the end, this thesis aims to improve our knowledge of the nutritional content of chicken meat and how it contributes to human wellness, as well as laying the groundwork for upcoming studies, dietary recommendations, and environmentally friendly methods of raising chickens.Item Identification of Bioactive Phytoconstituents from Anti-hemorrhagic Herbal Mixture(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2023-02-26) Ali Hamza Sajid; FA21-R06-028; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 8458Plants are essential for human well-being, providing vital resources and medicinal benefits. This study focused on a herbal mixture comprising Nigella sativa (40%), Cassia senna (20%), Oscimum basilicum (20%), and Mentha piperita (20%), investigating their synergistic potential as anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic agents. Chronic ailments activate inflammatory and angiogenic pathways, causing swelling, pain, and bleeding. Synthetic drugs have limitations, while herbal medicines offer a safer alternative research Current studies aimed to find effective and safe phytoconstituents to replace synthetic drugs. Different extracts were obtained through sequential extraction using petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of key chemical constituents. HPLC confirmed that methanol extracts contained polyphenolic compounds such as quercetin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, m-coumaric acid, and sinapic acid, while the chloroform extracts contained phenolic compounds including quercetin, vanillic acid, benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, and cinnamic acid. The antiangiogenic activity of extracts was evaluated using the CAM assay. The methanol extracts at 1000μg/ml showed significant antiangiogenic activity with a 57.91% inhibition rate. The 500μg/ml concentration also showed significant potential with a 39.56% inhibition rate. The high dose of the chloroform extract displayed significant results, while the petroleum ether extract did not show significant effects. The positive control, Sorafenib, exhibited a significant inhibition rate of 55.89%. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema test. The 500mg/kg dose of the methanol and chloroform extracts showed significant anti-inflammatory effects, with inhibition rates of 93.49% and 78.35% respectively after 120 minutes. At 90 minutes, the methanol extract exhibited an inhibition rate of 86.79%, while the chloroform extract showed an inhibition rate of 71.84%. The 250mg/kg concentration of both extracts also displayed significant anti-inflammatory activity. The petroleum ether extract exhibited moderate anti-inflammatory activity only at the 500mg/kg concentration. Overall, the results highlighted the superior synergistic anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic potential of the methanol and chloroform extracts in comparison to the petroleum ether extract, suggesting their suitability for the development of natural anti-inItem Synthesis of Versatile Bio Adsorbent from Wheat Bran based Biomaterials to Clean Textile Wastewater(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2023-02-26) Atiya Mukhtar; FA21-R06-001/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 8439Textile industry is of the biggest water consumption industries globally which is generating a significant amount of wastewater with high level of pollutants. Outflow of textile effluent is a major issue in this era and it is becoming the considerable problem and health disasters for humans and other livings. The presented work is basically on the synthesis of unmodified and modified wheat bran as bio adsorbent material. The efficacy and adsorption capacity have increased significantly with activated charcoal and highlighted its application by using different parameters and frameworks for removal of CBB textile dyes have been tested. Commassie Brilliant blue dye has largely been used for staining and dying on protein fabric in textile industry. Removal of toxic dyes from textile wastewater in a modal water system has been checked experimentally for the efficiency of laboratory developed bio adsorbent. Several parameters were used like pH change, adsorbate concentration, adsorbent concentration, temperature and time and by changing these parameters significant variations were observed through % removal of CBB dye. For the characterization of mesostructured wheat bran and activated charcoal before and after adsorption by FTIR technique, UV-visible spectroscopy was used to measure absorption and find out percentage adsorption or removal of dye in wastewater samples.XRD was used to investigate average crystalline size. Bio adsorbent have removed 97% of organic dye named CBB R-250g through unmodified and modified wheat brans which proved good adsorption and reusability for minimum 0.1g/100ml of solution. This ecofriendly bio adsorbent can be used in bulk for cleaning the textile wastewater on industrial scale economically. In future, mega projects of cleaning waste water may be initiated in cosmopolitan areas by local Government municipality.Item Nutritional Evaluation of Selected Fresh Fruits as a Source of Water -soluble Vitamins to Meet Daily Required Intake(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2022-02-26) Misbah Murshid; SP21-R06-012; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 8031Apple, Banana, and Guava are the most widely accessible fresh fruits across the world. In this study, we analyzed the water-soluble vitamin content of Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (niacin), Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), Vitamin B9 (folic acid) and Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in these locally available fruits from Pakistan. Using a reversed-phase highperformance liquid chromato- graphic approach with isocratic elution, a comparative simultaneous quantitative analysis of these water-soluble vitamins is performed at 25◦C. Vitamins were separated chromato- graphically in a 50-minute run time at 1ml/min flow rate on an Agilent 5, TC-C18 (250 4.8mm, 5m) and Perkin Elmer Series 200 HPLC instrument with UV/Vis detection at a wavelength of 270nm using a mobile phase of Methanol and buffer solution (1 hexane sulfonic acid sodium salt solution with pH 4.3) at a fixed ratio of 15%:85% respectively. According to the findings of the analysis that these fruits provide a sufficient number of water-soluble vitamins, particularly vitamin C, which may significantly contribute to food security, nutrition, therapeutic effects, and health. However, except for Vitamin B3 (in Apples) and B9 (in Bananas), the percentage contribution to the DRI value of water- soluble vitamins in these fruits was lower than the recommended DRI levels. It is essential that the individual consume fruits in a varied manner in combination with other fruits thus preventing monotony and therefore ensuring a greater daily intake of these vital nutrients.Item Use of Adsorbents to Reduce Acrylamide Concentration in Fried Foods(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2022-02-26) Hafiz Abdul-Rahman; SP21-R06-019; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 8325Acrylamide (AA) is a molecule that has been the topic of discussion among researchers and policymakers for a significant amount of time over the past many years. A number of factors, including temperature, frying duration, pH, and oil quality, as well as the presence of reducing sugar and the amino acid asparagine, contribute to its creation. Cooking oil is used for all of the cooking processes, including frying, baking, and roasting. The number of frying cycles, the amount of time spent frying, and the temperature at which the food is cooked all have a role in the oxidation, hydrolysis, and polymerization processes that contribute to the degradation and spoilage of cooking oil. The ingestion of food prepared with spoiled cooking oil is harmful to human health and, over time, can lead to a variety of health problems, including difficulties relating to the heart, kidneys, and liver. In the process of recycling UCOs, many types of synthetic inorganic adsorbents, such as silica gel, magnesium oxide, aluminium hydroxide, and activated clay, are utilised. In a similar manner, it is essential to impose a great deal of effort in order to lessen the amount of AA that is present. This can be accomplished in one of two ways: either by controlling the amount of its precursors that are present in the product before it is processed, or by lowering the total amount of AA that is produced during the manufacturing process. Both of these methods are equally important. Sugarcane bagasse and China clay-fullers are used in various combinations (including 1:2, 2:2, and 2:1) to cleanse used frying oil and lower AA levels in fried foods. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to evaluate the structural investigation of the material and functional groups after Sugarcane bagasse and China clay-fullers earth had been formed and activated. French fries are evaluated for their acrylamide content using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Chromatographic separations were run on a 30 m long, 0.25 mm in diameter, 0.25 m in thickness DB-5MS column from Agilent Technologies, USA. As for the GC oven's settings, they were as follows: starting temperature 50 °C -3 °C min- 1- 100 °C -25 °C min-1 250 °C (5.0 min). An eight-minute solvent delay was used for the analyses. There was a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1 of helium utilised as the GC carrierItem Determination and Detoxification of Aflatoxins in Food and Animal Feed(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2022-02-26) Muhammad Zain-ul-Hassan; FA20-R06-009; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 7880Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi that cause food contamination, sickness, and have a significant impact on both animal and human health. Aspergillus species create aflatoxins, which are dangerous mycotoxins. The purpose of this study was to determine the amounts of aflatoxins in food and animal feed samples. A total of 30 food samples including (White rice, Brown rice, Pistachio, Almonds, Peanuts) and 30 Broiler feed samples including (Starter, Grower, Finisher) were gathered from food and broiler farms. Contamination was discovered in 44 samples using the Thin Liquid Chromatography (TLC) method and Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), with 10 (33%) being contaminated beyond the allowed level and 14 (47%) being contaminated within the permissible range. The reduction in Aflatoxins level both in food and animal feed samples was observed by using different physical methods including heating which showed about 88% degradation of Aflatoxins in food samples and about 65.8% in animal feed samples, Gamma radiations up to 10kGy showed degradation up to 45% in food and 51% in feed samples and chemical method showed 96.6% degradation of Aflatoxins in food samples and 95.5% degradation in animal feed samples by applying ammonia concentration up to 2%. This study found that food and broiler feed samples taken from different farms were contaminated, possibly due to poor food and feed storage conditions. It is suggested that authorities require improved storage conditions and regular monitoring in order to decrease aflatoxins contamination.
- «
- 1 (current)
- 2
- 3
- »