M.Phil / MS

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Identification of Gelatin Sources in Commercial Products from Super Markets
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Sadia Nasim; FA22-R06-012; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 9310
Gelatin is a colourless, tasteless biopolymer protein derived from animals’ tissue and carcass. It has various commercial applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industry. Common gelatin origins are bovine, porcine and marine animals. Ethnic and religious ‘believes are attached with gelatin sources for Muslims and Jews, where halal authenticity is crucial for Muslims. Gelatin derived from porcine, and bovine have similar physical appearance and taste and identification of these gelatin source origin are challenging. Pakistan is a dominant Muslim population country, and several imported products are displayed in supermarkets for consumers, which are not labelled with the source of gelatin. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the authenticity of products circulating in local market. In this study, 16 samples of local and international brands were collected from leading departmental stores of different parts of Lahore city. Gelatin from commercial samples were extracted with cold acetone method, separated with centrifuge and stored at -20°C. The separated gelatin was again dissolved in water for characterization studies. FTIR was used with the combination of chemometrics. The results showed characteristic peaks in two windows of 1470–1475 cm−1 and 1444–1450 cm−1. The further identification of all samples was done by ELISA. This study indicated doubts of adulteration in three imported products with no-halal logo printed, while one product showed the poultry source of chicken skin. All these four products were edible food products.
Synthesis and Utility of Chitosan-Aloe Vera based Bioflocculant Composite for Cleaning Industrial Effluents
(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Momina Arshad; SP23-R06-014; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 9461
Lack of fresh water and pollution have become some of the most serious problems in the global community due to ambitious industrialization, development and increased human population. This research aims at the synthesis of a chitosan/Aloe vera bio flocculant composite with a view of providing a green technology for wastewater treatment. The primary application covers the reduction of metal and non-metallic pollutants through adsorption processes. This study provides the details for the synthesis of the bio-flocculant composite that includes extraction of the Aloe vera gel, preparation of the chitosan solution and cross linking of the two components with glutaraldehyde in order to get a stable product. FTIR analysis of the samples was done to determine functional groups present in the material obtained while XRD and UV-Vis studies were used to analyze the material. The FTIR spectra identified hydroxyl (-OH), amine (-NH) and carbonyl (C=O) groups that are essential in adsorption. Changes in the microstructure, which comprised only a small volume of crystalline phase and a large portion of amorphous phase, contributed to the improvement of water absorption. UV-Vis spectroscopy proved the material’s efficiency to adsorb contaminants which revealed considerable decrease of their concentrations. Adsorption results were as follows: chromium at 75.26%, copper at 77.32%, and nickel at 68.4% of removal efficiency. The findings presented here underscore the applicability of the composite for treatment of multi-stream wastewaters. The research also confirms other benefits that emanate from the use of bio-flocculants compared to chemical coagulants, namely biodegradability, low toxic effect, and low generation of sludge. The addition of Aloe vera and chitosan improves ix the adsorption capacity of the composite without compromising the environmental factor. Considering the resulted innovations, plant-based and biodegradable materials, including the developed composite, have tremendous potential for application at large industrial and municipal scale in wastewater treatment. This research adds to the existing literature on green water treatment technology as well as offers a base on which subsequent studies involving plant- and biopolymer derived materials can be grounded.
Use of Plant Biomass to Reduce Peroxide Value and Free Fatty Acids of Used Cooking Oil
(Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2026-02-26) Kalsoom Fatima; SP20-R06-004; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 7559
The refining of used cooking oil (UCO) and its conversion into useful product is the need of the time. Degradation and spoiling of cooking oil due to oxidation, hydrolysis and polymerization which depends upon frying cycles, frying time and high temperature. Use of damaged cooking oil is dangerous for human consumption and causes various health issues like heart problem, renal and liver disorders in the long run. Different synthetic inorganic adsorbent such as silica gel, magnesium oxide, aluminum hydroxide and activated clay are used in recycling of UCOs. Bio-adsorbents are fresh idea to prepare adsorbents from different biomass like bagasse, coconut husk, rice husk, pineapple dregs, soft wood, and corncob. The treatment of UCOs with biomass bagasse gives better results and a cheap source adsorbent. Sugarcane bagasse is used because of its low cost, quick growth, broad cultivation. Easy availability of Bagasse made from sugarcane includes 50% cellulose, 25% hemicelluloses, and 25% lignin. High carbon content is present in the bagasse, which is one of the key reasons for its effectiveness as an adsorbent. The FFAs and peroxide values has been reduced by applying bio adsorbent obtained from the bagasse. The adsorption potential of AC derived from bagasse for FFAs and PV in WCOs was examined using an adsorption process with various operational parameters such as pH, adsorbent masses, and agitation time. To assess the structural examination of the material and functional groups, AC was analyzed using XRD and FTIR, respectively. For adsorbent synthesis bagasse was heated with 0.1N solution of NaOH at 250℃ and 500RPM. Then for oil treatment used cooking oil (50 mL) was heated at 110°C for 10 minutes then added different adsorbent masses such as 2,3 and 4g and set on stirring top at 500 RPM for 30 minutes for FFA. After that same process is followed by using different agitation time like 250, 500 and 750 RPM instead of adsorbent mass. At 750 rpm and 4g adsorbent mass, the best results were obtained.

M.Phil / MS

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