M.Phil / MS
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repository.cuilahore.edu.pk/handle/123456789/30
This collection archives the complete set of theses produced by students of the COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus.
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Item Development of a Modified Porphyrin Based Composite for Biomedical Application(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Husnain Ali Awan; CIIT/SP24-R06-022/LHR; Dr. M. Shahid Nazir; LHR TP 10026Zn-TCPP@CNC, a novel fluorescent nanocomposite was prepared by conjugation of Zn-TCPP and CNC. That Zn2+ ions have been successfully coordinated with the porphyrin core, the key functional groups are retained, and the MOF interacts well with the CNC support have been confirmed by structural and optical characterizations, such as UV-Vis, FTIR, and XRD. FESEM analysis showed rod shaped morphology with MOF particles decorated on the surface, this leads to high surface area and less aggregation of the MOF particles, which is ideal in sensing application. Fluorescence of Zn-TCPP@CNC was studied in the process of selectively detecting ascorbic acid. The material had maximum absorption at 420 nm, and showed fluorescence emission spectra with peaks between 600-700nm, which was effectively quenched with the help of ascorbic acid through a photoinduced electron transfer process. Optimization experiments have shown that a material concentration of 200 mL gave both stable and reproducible fluorescence values. The specificity of the sensor was proved by selectivity experiments, which showed low interference with glucose, fructose, urea, uric acid and biogenic amines. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that the quenching effect was concentration-dependent, and, therefore, allowed the quantitative determination of ascorbic acid. The slope of the calibration curve and the standard deviation of the blank values were used to determine the limit of detection (LOD) which is 18.29 µM. This is explained by the fact that quenching is because of effective molecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding and photoinduced electron transfer. These findings suggest that Zn-TCPP@CNC is a sensitive, selective, and reliable platform of fluorescence detection of ascorbic acid.Item Cellulose Nanozyme Composites for the Remediation of Pharmaceutical Wastewater(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Wasama Intikhab; CIIT/SP24-R06-020/LHR; Dr. M. Shahid Nazir; LHR TP 10025In this research, the synthesis and description of a cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) derived Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe₃O₄ composite will be sought in which the intended purpose will be to utilize the compound in the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater. The rationale behind the use of the CNC is that it is biocompatible with high surface area and has the potential to provide a successful support structure of metal oxides. The compounds were found to be very effective in removing contaminants, which was enhanced by the addition of Fe3O4, Zn and Mn nanoparticles that enhanced the catalytic and adsorption characteristics of the compounds. It was determined, as a consequence of the experimental work, that the Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe₃O₄@CNC composite exhibited a good catalytic degradation of pharmaceutical contaminants and most particularly under varied pH condition and greatest activity at pH alkalinity. The effectiveness of the functionalization and stability of the composite structure in the degradation process was validated by the UV-vis analysis and FTIR analysis. The paper introduces the prospect of the Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe₃O₄@CNC composite as a new environmental friendly and a high promising material in the process of advanced wastewater treatment that will serve as a sustainable solution to the pharmaceutical pollution and will aid in preserving the environment and human health.Item Facile Synthesis of MOF for Enhanced Photo- fenton Degradation of Pesticide from Model Wastewater(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Amir Mushtaq; CIIT/SP24-R06-001/LHR; Dr. M. Shahid Nazir; LHR TP 10013Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have proved to be a porous material of high surface area, adjustable chemical properties, whereas spinel ferrite nanoparticles have distinct magnetic and electronic properties and their composites are of great interest to the environment. In this research, a useful and efficient photocatalytic compound, MOF-5 and Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4, was effectively prepared by attaching the Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles onto the MOF-5 structure. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the existence of typical diffraction peaks of the two MOF-5 and Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4, which show that the composite was formed without phase segregating and the crystalline structure of MOF-5 remained intact. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) showed several peaks of the metal-oxygen and metal-metal-oxygen stretching vibrations of Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 and the vibrations of the MOF-5 organic linkers indicating that the nanoparticles were highly interacting with the MOF framework. The distribution of Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles in porous MOF-5 was shown based on the Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) images, which indicated a uniform distribution in the interconnected microstructure of the material, resulting in high surface area and easy accessibility of the active site. The composite was studied by UV- Visible spectroscopy, revealing specific absorption peaks within the range of 200-800 nm, with minor variations to pure MOF-5, and bandgap was calculated to be 1.87 eV, which has better light-harvesting properties and the possibility of visible-light driven photocatalysis. Under optimal conditions identified with the analysis of the Design Expert, the degradation of imidacloprid in model wastewater was performed under following conditions: reaction pH 4, a constant dosage of 10 mg catalyst, 112.5 μL hydrogen peroxide, and 40 ppm imidacloprid in 10 min reaction time, and the maximum degradation efficiency reached 97.95%, this highlights composite’s efficiency and applicability in environmental remediation.Item pH-responsive MOF as Drug Carrier for Controlled Drug Release Studies(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Esha Sohail; FA22-R06-003; Dr. M. Shahid Nazir; LHR TP 9321Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous materials composed of metal ions or clusters that are connected by organic ligands. These structures are currently being extensively studied as drug delivery systems (DDS) due to their ability to be customized, high capacity for holding cargo, and ease of modification for targeting specific areas and improving stability within the body. Zirconium (Zr) and its metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), especially the well-known Zr terephthalate UiO-66, have been extensively researched due to their outstanding biocompatibility. In this paper, we present a thorough investigation of Zr-MOF in relation to its application in drug delivery. The Zr-MOF is capable of accommodating the drug cisplatin (CP) and can also undergo surface alteration during synthesis, either by coordination modulation or post-synthetic. The FTIR analysis of PEGylated, Silanized Zr-MOF shows a significant peak at 648cm-1 confirming the O-Zr-O bond with peaks at 3648cm-1, 1940cm-1, 1345cm-1, and 1200 cm-1 confirming the O-H of the polymer, C=N vibration, C-N vibration of imidazole and C-O vibration of the composite. Peak at 650cm-1 corresponds to the N-Si-O bond which confirms the incorporation of poly(ethylene) glycol particles inside the MOF structure. Moreover, XRD analysis shows characteristic peak positions at 7.3º, 8.3 º, 11.89 º, and 25.4º indicates a high level of crystallinity in the synthesized product, confirming the presence of UiO66-NH2, APTES and PEG. The drug release study UiO66-NH2 and modified UiO66-NH2 were conducted at acidic, basic, and neutral pH levels over a specific period of time. The highest amount of 90% of Cisplatin was released under acidic circumstances. The strong connections between the modified MOF and the molecules of the CP medication are due to the inclusion of APTES and PEG, causing them to entangle with the drug molecules. Ammino functionalized UiO66 is more effective at transporting the drug Cisplatin (CP) to target sites. The results show that ammino functionalized Zr-MOF is an attractive alternative to UiO-66 for drug delivery.Item Synthesis and Characterization of COFs Composite for Cancer Drug Delivery(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 2025) Asma Asghar Dr. M. Shahid Nazir Prof. Dr. Zulfiqar Ali LHR TP 9323; FA22-R06-018; Dr. M. Shahid Nazir; LHR TP 9323Covalent organic frameworks, often known as COFs, are permanent porosity and highly ordered crystalline porous organic materials. COFs can be synthetically controlled, structurally predesigned, and functionally managed, in contrast to other materials. In order to create complicated structures and customized functional development, COFs provide an appropriate molecular platform. They are perfect for drug delivery because of their greater surface area, biodegradability, and crystallinity. In this study, a simple and adaptable synthesis technique was develop to produce COF LZU1 and utilize it as a model medicine to deliver 5-fluorouracil (5FU), a popular anticancer drug. During the synthesis of COFs, the choice of building units and suitable conditions are the two most important factors. Here, we successfully create imine-linked COF-LZU1 at room temperature through the condensation process of 1,3,5 triformyl benzene with p-Phenylenediamine. For biomedical applications, such as targeted drug delivery, controlled drug release, and biocompatibility, ZnO is added to LZU1 to improve its characteristics. By using FTIR and XRD, the synthesis of Zn@COF-LZU1 and COF-LZU1 was verified. In FTIR spectra C=N appears at 1617 cm 1 that confirms the condensation reaction between two selected monomers. The prominent diffraction peak at 2θ at 4.78o in XRD demonstrates that COF-LZU1 is crystalline. The main objective was to create and enhance a 5-fluorouracil system using the Box-Behnken design (BBD). Drug concentration, pH, and time are all set in accordance with the Box-Behnken design for the experiment. In order to determine the interaction between the independent and dependent variables, Design-Expert's contour, mathematical calculations, response surfaces designs were used.Item Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals for Effective Pesticide Removal from Model Wastewater(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus., 2025-04-01) Amina Naveed; CIIT/FA23-R06-003/LHR; Dr. M. Shahid Nazir; LHR TP 9681Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are a renewable and biodegradable emerging nanomaterial obtained by acid hydrolysis having high surface area, abundant hydroxyl groups, and strong dispersibility. The combination of CNCs with spinel ferrite nanoparticles could produce such composites with excellent features and enhanced performance for environmental applications. Therefore, the aim of this work is to synthesize a stable, sustainable photocatalyst for imidacloprid (IMI) degradation from the model wastewater by synthesizing Zn0.3Co0.7Fe2O₄ nanoparticles using the sol-gel method and then incorporating CNC to create a novel photocatalyst CNC@Zn0.3Co0.7Fe2O₄. Characterizations were conducted with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and UV-VIS spectroscopy. The FTIR results exhibit the CNC blending with ferrite nanoparticles through intermolecular bonding. The XRD pattern shows the CNC@Zn0.3Co0.7Fe2O₄ crystallinity, which is similar to that of pure CNC and pure Zn0.3Co0.7Fe2O₄, indicating successful blending stability. The SEM images reveal an interconnected porous microstructure with Zn0.3Co0.7Fe2O₄ nanoparticles evenly dispersed within the CNC matrix. The UV-VIS results confirm the changes in electronic properties of the synthesized photocatalyst. The photocatalyst CNC@Zn0.3Co0.7Fe2O₄ shows effective photocatalytic degradation ability to degrade IMI from model wastewater under UV light, indicating the applicability of this photocatalyst for environmental remediations. The optimal conditions, using box-Behnken design, were pH 6, catalyst 22.5 mg, 112.5 µL hydrogen peroxide, IMI concentration of 50 mg/l and reaction time 10 minutes to achieve 97.95% degradation efficiency. The photocatalyst shows promising reusability in three successive runs.Item Metal Modified ZIF-8 MOF for Control Drug Release Study(Library Information Services, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus., 2025-04-01) Noor Ul Huda Mehmood; CIIT/FA23-R06-018/LHR; Dr. M. Shahid Nazir; LHR TP 9691This research introduces a novel nanocomposite, Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4@ZIF-8, which has been developed and tested as a promising nanocarrier for delivering the anticancer drug cisplatin in a controlled manner. This composite combines the impressive surface area and pH-sensitive attributes of ZIF-8 with the unique magnetic and catalytic features of Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles. The method involved the in situ development of ZIF-8 on the surface of Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4, which was treated with CTAB, and this took place in a methanol medium. The analyses of the structure and morphology confirmed that the formation and encapsulation were achieved successfully.We fine-tuned the drug loading experiments with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using a Central Composite Design (CCD), and we managed to achieve an impressive drug loading efficiency of 74%. We carried out in vitro release tests under three different pH levels (5.4, 7.4, and 8.5) to mimic the conditions found in tumor environments and the human body. The results indicated that the release profile was responsive to pH changes, peaking at around 75% when the pH was neutral (7.4).We explored different models to analyze how the drug is released, and it turns out that the pseudo-second-order model fit the data really well (R² > 0.99). This suggests that the mechanisms of chemisorption and complex formation play a key role in how the drug is released. The improved formulation displayed a steady release pattern, hinting that it could help cut down on how often doses are needed and lessen adverse effects.To sum it up, this research highlights that Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4@ZIF-8 stands out as a potential multifunctional platform for innovative smart drug delivery systems. It offers adjustable loading and release capabilities, magnetic responsiveness, and finely-tuned release kinetics specifically designed for cancer treatment.