Browsing by Author "Ayesha"

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    Evaluation of Thermal Processing of Commercially Available Milk Brands in Lahore A
    (Library Information Services COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus, 2021-02-25) Ayesha; SP20-R06-019; Dr. Muhammad Javid Iqbal; LHR TP 7573
    Raw milk and commercially available milk samples were tested for the alkaline phosphatase activity to evaluate the efficacy of the pasteurization of milk. A colorimetric assay used for the kinetic determination of serum alkaline phosphatase was employed to detect ALP in the targeted samples. The colorimetric assay uses p-nitrophenyl phosphate as the reaction substrate. When ALP acts upon this substrate, it breaks down into a phosphate group and p-nitrophenol which produces the characteristic yellow color in the solution. The increase in absorbance of the solution measured at 405 nm is directly related to the ALP activity in the respective sample. Sample solution and reagents were mixed well and then subjected to spectrophotometric readings using 405 nm. Three raw milk samples were tested firstly as a whole and then after fat removal through centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 30 min. Seven UHT and three naturally pasteurized commercial milk samples available in the local market were used for the ALP detection in this study. Significant values for ALP activity in raw milk samples were observed whereas, for all the pasteurized samples, the test was observed to be negative. This negative result for the pasteurized samples indicated that effective pasteurization was carried out before the milk was packed to be sold in the market. Casein is the major protein found in milk in the concentration of 35g/L. It exists in the form of a heterogeneous mixture of phosphorous-containing proteins. It is a slow-digesting dairy protein that reduces muscle breakdown and improves recovery and muscle growth. In addition to the ALP activity determination, casein isolation and measurement were also carried out in 1 raw milk sample and all the 10 pasteurized samples. The obtained mean value of casein was 3.43g per 100 ml of milk sample, whereas the values for standard deviation and relative standard deviation were 0.08 and 2.54 respectively. Based on the negative results for ALP and actual yield of casein found to be closer to the theoretical yield for all the samples it can be suggested that all of the targeted milk brands were safe to be consumed
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    Synthesis of Metal-Organic-Framework Derived Materials for Energy Storage Applications
    (2021) Ayesha; CIIT/FA19-RPH-026/LHR; Dr. Muhammad Ashfaq Ahmad; LHR TP 7267
    With the progress in industrialization, the scarcity of resources and environmental pollution is growing fast. On the one hand, carbon dioxide produced by the ordinary combustion vehicle is a major source of global warming, where the fuel cars are accounted to consume a huge amount of oil resources. On the other hand, as the world has realized the importance of environmental protection, the development of a low- carbon transportation system has become an important solution. The electric vehicle has brought a lot of benefits, such as environmentally friendly, clean and no pollutant emissions. As a result, it might be regarded a potential new energy vehicle that has piqued the interest of consumers, industry, and researchers. Supercapacitors were also known as ultra-capacitors are being evaluated as one of the viable energy storage choices for future generations. These gadgets have been found to be useful in a range of applications, namely powering hybrid electric/electric automobiles and other electrical and electronic devices that enable energy to perform. Supercapacitors are the most flexible devices, widely used for supplying electrical energy quickly and in applications that need a long shelf life. As a result, there are considerable market demands for supercapacitors' development, and long-term advancement is necessary for their successful improvement and commercialization. New electronic and optoelectronic gadgets have recently grown on the market, requiring more dependable power sources with higher energy density and longer duration. Owing to their, pollution-free nature, stability, and high power density, supercapacitors have emerged as feasible options for energy storage. Traditional supercapacitors' poor energy density prevents them from being widely used, leading researchers to look into new forms of supercapacitors with better performance. Increasing the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors through the development of innovative electrode materials has been a major focus of study in recent decades. Asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) made consisting of two different electrode materials have a large working voltage window, enabling them to substantially increase energy density. In this research work, asymmetric super-capacitors electrode (ASCs) has been fabricated using Metal-Organic-Frameworks (MOF) derived mixed metallic oxides @CC as a positively charged electrode and MOF-derived nanoporous carbon (NPC) based material as a negatively charged electrode by a cost-effective hydrothermal method. The substantial materials are zinc-cobalt nitrates and 2-methylimidazole. The hydrothermal method is used to produce all samples.