RIZWAN ALICIIT/FA14-RPH-013/LHRDr. Mukhtar AhmedLHR TP 57062026-02-042018https://repository.cuilahore.edu.pk/handle/123456789/1061It is renowned that electricity and magnetism are internally combined, and their coupling was given by the four Maxwell-equations. Although the basic idea related to the crystals may well be at the same time ferromagnetism (FM) and ferroelectricity (FE) was possible offered by Pierre Curie within the 19th century however the real starting of that started in [1] during the volume of their Course of theoretical Physics. However the true modified one at an equivalent time [2] time reverse homogenous for Cr2O3 and Astrov through confirmed via an experiment [3] the same kinds of requirement within the identical substances at the mid of nineteen century. By the way Cr2O3 is to bad for the utilization as in this material antiferromagnetism its coupled with paraelectricity. Afterwards, the attempts to combine FM and FE characteristics begin in one material mainly the Soviet Union two group: the group from St.Petersburg [4, 5] and other is from Moscow [6]. After that, generally, there was no progress during this time in this area of research. The word multiferroic earlier used by H. Schmid. As he determined FM and FE in magnesium borate material [7]. The definition that he suggest to multiferroics having single phase crystal structure which at the same time having two initial ferrite characteristics. But magnesium borate materials are found not to be good practically materials due to the magneoelectric joining at low temperature and low crystal symmetry in that materials. So soon several others multiferroics that are “Cr2O3, Ti2O3, GaFeO3 , PbFe0:5Nb0:5O3” etc are exist in nature [8, 9] or can be prepared. A great interest in these field begining the study towards an main perovskite material Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) [5]. However, ceramic BiFeO3 was found to be conductive and the production of single phase BiFeO3 is very though task and to be used in so many device. The presence of oxygen vacancies, defects or mixed external of Fe are the main cause of conductive properties in BiFeO3. Along with the experimental studies many theoretical observations were also reported asking many questions about different real microscopic mechanisms of FM and FE in BiFeO3. Therefore in the end of 1990 there is good achievement in preparation and characterization of multiferroics. Perovskites having the structure ABO3 good impact in many groups. Between all these compounds some rare earth based compounds exihbit multiferroic characteristics because of their strange structures [10, 11]. Some Bi based compounds like “BiFeO3” [12] and “BiMnO3” [13] exihbit ME coupling at high temperature. So many articles are written on the latest progress, physics for ME characteristics and facing tough task for ongoing technologyenDepartment of PhysicsFA14PhysicsSynthesisrenowned that electricitymaterial antiferromagnetismDr. Mukhtar AhmedThesis